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Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents, driven by Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs), have emerged as a promising paradigm for enabling intelligent interaction with digital systems. This paper provides a structured survey of recent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Jiahao Li , Kaer Huang

Autonomous Graphical User Interface (GUI) navigation agents can enhance user experience in communication, entertainment, and productivity by streamlining workflows and reducing manual intervention. However, prior GUI agents often trained…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Quanfeng Lu , Wenqi Shao , Zitao Liu , Lingxiao Du , Fanqing Meng , Boxuan Li , Botong Chen , Siyuan Huang , Kaipeng Zhang , Ping Luo

On-device virtual assistants like Siri and Google Assistant are increasingly pivotal, yet their capabilities are hamstrung by a reliance on rigid, developer-dependent APIs. GUI agents offer a powerful, API-independent alternative, but their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Ho Fai Leung , Xiaoyan Xi , Fei Zuo

Computer Use Agents (CUAs) can act through both atomic GUI actions, such as click and type, and high-level tool calls, such as API-based file operations, but this hybrid action space often leaves them uncertain about when to continue with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Xuhao Hu , Xi Zhang , Haiyang Xu , Kyle Qiao , Jingyi Yang , Xuanjing Huang , Jing Shao , Ming Yan , Jieping Ye

Graphical user interface (GUI) grounding, the process of mapping human instructions to GUI actions, serves as a fundamental basis to autonomous GUI agents. While existing grounding models achieve promising performance to simulate the mouse…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Zeyi Liao , Yadong Lu , Boyu Gou , Huan Sun , Ahmed Awadallah

One of the principal challenges in building VLM-powered GUI agents is visual grounding, i.e., localizing the appropriate screen region for action execution based on both the visual content and the textual plans. Most existing work…

Graphical User Interface (GUI) element grounding (precisely locating elements on screenshots based on natural language instructions) is fundamental for agents interacting with GUIs. Deploying this capability directly on resource-constrained…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Hongxin Li , Yuntao Chen , Zhaoxiang Zhang

Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents show promising capabilities for automating computer-use tasks and facilitating accessibility, but existing interactive benchmarks are mostly English-only, covering web-use or Windows, Linux, and Android…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Pei Yang , Hai Ci , Mike Zheng Shou

Autonomous agents for long-sequence Graphical User Interface tasks are hindered by sparse rewards and the intractable credit assignment problem. To address these challenges, we introduce GUI-Shepherd, a Process Reward Model that provides…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Cong Chen , Kaixiang Ji , Hao Zhong , Muzhi Zhu , Anzhou Li , Guo Gan , Ziyuan Huang , Cheng Zou , Jiajia Liu , Jingdong Chen , Hao Chen , Chunhua Shen

Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents have demonstrated remarkable progress in automating complex user interface interactions through reinforcement learning. However, current approaches face a fundamental dilemma: offline RL enables stable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Zhengxi Lu , Jiabo Ye , Fei Tang , Yongliang Shen , Haiyang Xu , Ziwei Zheng , Weiming Lu , Ming Yan , Fei Huang , Jun Xiao , Yueting Zhuang

Large language model (LLM)-based mobile agents are increasingly popular due to their capability to interact directly with mobile phone Graphic User Interfaces (GUIs) and their potential to autonomously manage daily tasks. Despite their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Luyuan Wang , Yongyu Deng , Yiwei Zha , Guodong Mao , Qinmin Wang , Tianchen Min , Wei Chen , Shoufa Chen

Computer-use agents face a fundamental limitation. They rely exclusively on primitive GUI actions (click, type, scroll), creating brittle execution chains prone to cascading failures. While API-driven agents harness rich capabilities…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Yuhao Yang , Zhen Yang , Zi-Yi Dou , Anh Nguyen , Keen You , Omar Attia , Andrew Szot , Michael Feng , Ram Ramrakhya , Alexander Toshev , Chao Huang , Yinfei Yang , Zhe Gan

Recent advancements in GUI agents have significantly expanded their ability to interpret natural language commands to manage software interfaces. However, acquiring GUI data remains a significant challenge. Existing methods often involve…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Xiangwu Guo , Difei Gao , Mike Zheng Shou

The performance and generalization of foundation models for interactive systems critically depend on the availability of large-scale, realistic training data. While recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have improved GUI…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Sofiya Garkot , Maksym Shamrai , Ivan Synytsia , Mariya Hirna

Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents show strong capabilities for automating web tasks, but existing interactive benchmarks primarily target benign, predictable consumer environments. Their effectiveness in high-stakes, investigative…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Renqi Chen , Zeyin Tao , Jianming Guo , Jing Wang , Zezhou Xu , Jingzhe Zhu , Qingqing Sun , Tianyi Zhang , Shuai Chen

Graphical User Interface (GUI) grounding plays a crucial role in enhancing the capabilities of Vision-Language Model (VLM) agents. While general VLMs, such as GPT-4V, demonstrate strong performance across various tasks, their proficiency in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Anthony Nguyen

Graphical user interface (GUI)-based mobile agents automate digital tasks on mobile devices by interpreting natural-language instructions and interacting with the screen. While recent methods apply reinforcement learning (RL) to train…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Li Gu , Zihuan Jiang , Zhixiang Chi , Huan Liu , Ziqiang Wang , Yuanhao Yu , Glen Berseth , Yang Wang

Agents centered around Large Language Models (LLMs) are now capable of automating mobile device operations for users. After fine-tuning to learn a user's mobile operations, these agents can adhere to high-level user instructions online.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-01-18 Tinghe Ding

Current mobile GUI agent benchmarks systematically fail to assess memory capabilities, with only 5.2-11.8% memory-related tasks and no cross-session learning evaluation. We introduce MemGUI-Bench, a comprehensive memory-centric benchmark…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Guangyi Liu , Pengxiang Zhao , Yaozhen Liang , Qinyi Luo , Shunye Tang , Yuxiang Chai , Weifeng Lin , Han Xiao , WenHao Wang , Siheng Chen , Zhengxi Lu , Gao Wu , Hao Wang , Liang Liu , Yong Liu

With the rapid development of mobile intelligent assistant technologies, multi-modal AI assistants have become essential interfaces for daily user interactions. However, current evaluation methods face challenges including high manual…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Meiping Wang , Jian Zhong , Rongduo Han , Liming Kang , Zhengkun Shi , Xiao Liang , Xing Lin , Nan Gao , Haining Zhang