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This article is a pedagogical introduction to relativistic quantum mechanics of the free Majorana particle. This relatively simple theory differs from the well-known quantum mechanics of the Dirac particle in several important aspects. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-02-19 H. Arodz

We propose that the four-velocity of a Dirac particle is related to its relativistic wave function by $u^i=\bar{\psi}\gamma^i\psi/\bar{\psi}\psi$. This relativistic wave$-$particle duality relation is demonstrated for a free particle…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-07-08 Francisco Ribeiro Benard Guedes , Nikodem Janusz Popławski

From the 16-component Dirac-K\"{a}hler field theory, spinor equations for two types of massless vector photon fields with different parities have been derived. Their equivalent tensor equations in terms of the strength tensor $F_{ab}$ and…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2008-08-06 V. M. Red'kov

The Schrodinger equation based on the de Broglie wave is the most fundamental equation of the quantum mechanics. There can be no doubt about it's prediction validity. However, the probabilistic interpretation on the quantum mechanics has…

General Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Shin-ichi Inage

The wavefunction of a particle is obtained from its intermediate states and interaction processes considered as happening concurrently. When the interaction is described by a potential, the energy of the particle is equal to its total…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-01-18 Spyros Efthimiades

Classical relativistic system of point particles coupled with an electromagnetic field is considered in the three-dimensional representation. The gauge freedom connected with the chronometrical invariance of the four-dimensional description…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2007-05-23 V. Tretyak , A. Nazarenko

By using the multipolar gauge it is shown that the quantum mechanics of an electrically charged particle moving in a prescribed classical electromagnetic field (wave mechanics) may be expressed in a manner that is gauge invariant, except…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 A. M. Stewart

I suggest wave equations for the scalar, pseudoscalar, vector, and pseudovector fields with different masses for spin zero and one states. Tensor, matrix, and quaternion formulations of fields with two mass and spin states are considered.…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2023-12-27 S. I. Kruglov

The relation between gravity and quantum mechanics is investigated in this work. The link is given by the wave packet expansion process, rooted from the Uncertainty Principle. The basic idea is to express the de Broglie wavelength used by…

General Physics · Physics 2025-12-03 Hristu Culetu

Using the Pauli-Villars regularization and arguments from convex analysis, we construct solutions to the classical time-independent Maxwell equations in Dirac's vacuum, in the presence of small external electromagnetic sources. The vacuum…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2013-06-27 Philippe Gravejat , Christian Hainzl , Mathieu Lewin , Eric Séré

Using the elementary axioms of special relativity and quantum mechanics we construct a wave equation which generalizes the Schrodinger equation. We also solve the general second and some higher order differential equations.

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2026-03-31 Nikolaos D. Bagis

We present a unified field theory of wave and particle in quantum mechanics. This emerges from an investigation of three weaknesses in the de Broglie-Bohm (deBB) theory: its reliance on the quantum probability formula to justify the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-03-17 Peter Holland

The basic principles of the quantum mechanics in the K-field formalism (see author's papers) are stated in the paper. K-field formalism arises from geometric generalization of de Broglie postulate. So, the quantum theory equations…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2007-05-23 K. B. Korotchenko

Schrodinger path to the quantum mechanical wave equation was heuristic and guided more by physical intuition than formal deduction. Here we derive the Schrodinger equation for the particle wave function, assuming that it has a meaning of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-23 Wenzhuo Zhang , Anatoly Svidzinsky

We show how Special Relativity sets tight constraints on the form of possible relations that may exist between the four-momentum of a particle and the wave four-vector. More specifically, we demonstrate that there is just one way, according…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-08-02 Fabrizio Logiurato

We consider a two-dimensional integrable Hamiltonian system with a vector and scalar potential in quantum mechanics. Contrary to the case of a pure scalar potential, the existence of a second order integral of motion does not guarantee the…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 F. Charest , C. Hudon , P. Winternitz

The basic premise of Quantum Mechanics, embodied in the doctrine of wave-particle duality, assigns both, a particle and a wave structure to the physical entities. The classical laws describing the motion of a particle and the evolution of a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 S. R. Vatsya

A theoretical scheme, based on a probabilistic generalization of the Hamilton's principle, is elaborated to obtain an unified description of more general dynamical behaviors determined both from a lagrangian function and by mechanisms not…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-09-28 Matteo Villani

The theoretical foundations of quantum mechanics and de Broglie-Bohm mechanics are analyzed and it is shown that both theories employ a formal approach to microphysics. By using a realistic approach it can be established that the internal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 W. A. Hofer

In this paper I explain how I usually introduce the Schr\"odinger equation during the quantum mechanics course. My preferred method is the chronological one. Since the Schr\"odinger equation belongs to a special case of wave equations I…

Physics Education · Physics 2021-01-15 T. Mart