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Payment channels were introduced to solve various eminent cryptocurrency scalability issues. Multiple payment channels build a network on top of a blockchain, the so-called layer 2. In this work, we analyze payment networks through the lens…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2019-12-11 Zeta Avarikioti , Lioba Heimbach , Yuyi Wang , Roger Wattenhofer

Blockchain-based cryptocurrencies received a lot of attention recently for their applications in many domains. IoT domain is one of such applications, which can utilize cryptocur-rencies for micro payments without compromising their payment…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-12-15 Suat Mercan , Enes Erdin , Kemal Akkaya

Payment channel networks provide a fast and scalable solution to relay funds, acting as a second layer to slower and less scalable blockchain protocols. In this paper, we present an accessible, low-cost attack in which the attacker…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-02-02 Ayelet Mizrahi , Aviv Zohar

The Bitcoin Lightning Network is a Layer 2 payment protocol that addresses Bitcoin's scalability by facilitating quick and cost effective transactions through payment channels. This research explores the feasibility of using machine…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Vincent Davis , Emanuele Rossi , Vikash Singh

Cryptocurrency networks such as Bitcoin have emerged as a distributed alternative to traditional centralized financial transaction networks. However, there are major challenges in scaling up the throughput of such networks. Lightning…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-06-25 Sushil Mahavir Varma , Siva Theja Maguluri

To improve transaction rates, many cryptocurrencies have implemented so-called ''Layer-2'' transaction protocols, where payments are routed across networks of private payment channels. However, for a given transaction, not every network…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-06-30 Ashish Goel , Geoffrey Ramseyer

While being decentralized, secure, and reliable, Bitcoin and many other blockchain-based cryptocurrencies suffer from scalability issues. One of the promising proposals to address this problem is off-chain payment channels. Since, not all…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-01-04 Soheil Zibakhsh Shabgahi , Seyed Mahdi Hosseini , Seyed Pooya Shariatpanahi , Behnam Bahrak

Payment channel networks (PCNs) are one of the most prominent solutions to the limited transaction throughput of blockchains. Nevertheless, PCNs suffer themselves from a throughput limitation due to the capital constraints of their…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-05-25 Samarth Tiwari , Michelle Yeo , Zeta Avarikioti , Iosif Salem , Krzysztof Pietrzak , Stefan Schmid

Credit networks rely on decentralized, pairwise trust relationships (channels) to exchange money or goods. Credit networks arise naturally in many financial systems, including the recent construct of payment channel networks in blockchain…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2021-09-29 Vibhaalakshmi Sivaraman , Weizhao Tang , Shaileshh Bojja Venkatakrishnan , Giulia Fanti , Mohammad Alizadeh

Payment channel networks (PCN) are used in cryptocurrencies to enhance the performance and scalability of off-chain transactions. Except for opening and closing of a payment channel, no other transaction requests accepted by a PCN are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-02-13 Subhra Mazumdar , Sushmita Ruj , Ram Govind Singh , Arindam Pal

Bitcoin, Ethereum and other blockchain-based cryptocurrencies, as deployed today, cannot scale for wide-spread use. A leading approach for cryptocurrency scaling is a smart contract mechanism called a payment channel which enables two…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-12-04 Andrew Miller , Iddo Bentov , Ranjit Kumaresan , Christopher Cordi , Patrick McCorry

Off-chain transaction channels represent one of the leading techniques to scale the transaction throughput in cryptocurrencies. However, the economic effect of transaction channels on the system has not been explored much until now. We…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-07-15 Simina Brânzei , Erel Segal-Halevi , Aviv Zohar

Decentralized cryptocurrency systems, known as blockchains, have shown promise as infrastructure for mutually distrustful parties to agree on transactions safely. However, Bitcoin-derived blockchains and their variants suffer from the…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-09-08 Han Wang , Hui Li , Zixian Wang , Baofu Han , Minglong Zhang , Peter Han Joo Chong , Xiaoli Chu , Yang Liu , Soung-Yue Liew , Lunchakorn Wuttisittikulkij

A payment channel network is a blockchain-based overlay mechanism that allows parties to transact more efficiently than directly using the blockchain. These networks are composed of payment channels that carry transactions between pairs of…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Suryanarayana Sankagiri , Bruce Hajek

The Lightning Network, known for its millisecond settlement speeds and low transaction fees, offers a compelling alternative to traditional payment processors, which often have higher fees and longer processing times. This is particularly…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-08 Jeffy Yu

Decentralized marketplace applications demand fast, cheap and easy-to-use cryptocurrency payment mechanisms to facilitate high transaction volumes. The standard solution for off-chain payments, state channels, are optimized for frequent…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-08-05 Madhumitha Harishankar , Dimitrios-Georgios Akestoridis , Sriram V. Iyer , Aron Laszka , Carlee Joe-Wong , Patrick Tague

Payment networks were introduced to address the limitation on the transaction throughput of popular blockchains. To open a payment channel one has to publish a transaction on-chain and pay the appropriate transaction fee. A transaction can…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2019-08-06 Georgia Avarikioti , Rolf Scheuner , Roger Wattenhofer

Cryptocurrencies redefined how money can be stored and transferred among users. However, independent of the amount being sent, public blockchain-based cryptocurrencies suffer from high transaction waiting times and fees. These drawbacks…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-02-05 Enes Erdin , Suat Mercan , Kemal Akkaya

Payment channel networks are an approach to improve the scalability of blockchain-based cryptocurrencies. Because payment channel networks are used for transfer of financial value, their security in the presence of adversarial participants…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Matthias Grundmann , Hannes Hartenstein

The Bitcoin scalability problem has led to the development of off-chain financial mechanisms such as payment channel networks (PCNs) which help users process transactions of varying amounts, including micro-payment transactions, without…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Kartick Kolachala , Mohammed Ababneh , Roopa Vishwanathan