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We present a novel approach for explaining Gaussian processes (GPs) that can utilize the full analytical covariance structure present in GPs. Our method is based on the popular solution concept of Shapley values extended to stochastic…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-05-25 Siu Lun Chau , Krikamol Muandet , Dino Sejdinovic

The problem of explaining the behavior of deep neural networks has recently gained a lot of attention. While several attribution methods have been proposed, most come without strong theoretical foundations, which raises questions about…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-24 Marco Ancona , Cengiz Öztireli , Markus Gross

Shapley values have seen widespread use in machine learning as a way to explain model predictions and estimate the importance of covariates. Accurately explaining models is critical in real-world models to both aid in decision making and to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-08-19 Daniel de Marchi , Michael Kosorok , Scott de Marchi

Shapley values has established itself as one of the most appropriate and theoretically sound frameworks for explaining predictions from complex machine learning models. The popularity of Shapley values in the explanation setting is probably…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-06-24 Martin Jullum , Annabelle Redelmeier , Kjersti Aas

This work focuses on developing efficient post-hoc explanations for quantum AI algorithms. In classical contexts, the cooperative game theory concept of the Shapley value adapts naturally to post-hoc explanations, where it can be used to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-18 Iain Burge , Michel Barbeau , Joaquin Garcia-Alfaro

In explainable machine learning, local post-hoc explanation algorithms and inherently interpretable models are often seen as competing approaches. This work offers a partial reconciliation between the two by establishing a correspondence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-24 Sebastian Bordt , Ulrike von Luxburg

Additive feature explanations using Shapley values have become popular for providing transparency into the relative importance of each feature to an individual prediction of a machine learning model. While Shapley values provide a unique…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-21 Thomas W. Campbell , Heinrich Roder , Robert W. Georgantas , Joanna Roder

Fair credit assignment is essential in various machine learning (ML) applications, and Shapley values have emerged as a valuable tool for this purpose. However, in critical ML applications such as data valuation and feature attribution, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Pranoy Panda , Siddharth Tandon , Vineeth N Balasubramanian

We study the efficient computation of Shapley values for \emph{product games} -- cooperative games in which the coalition value factorizes as a product of per-player terms. Such games arise in machine learning explainability whenever the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Majid Mohammadi , Grigory Reznikov , Pavel Sinitcyn , Krikamol Muandet , Siu Lun Chau

Shapley values are extensively used in explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) as a framework to explain predictions made by complex machine learning (ML) models. In this work, we focus on conditional Shapley values for predictive models…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-12-07 Lars Henry Berge Olsen

Albeit the ubiquitous use of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) in machine learning (ML) prediction tasks involving graph-structured data, their interpretability remains challenging. In explainable artificial intelligence (XAI), the Shapley Value…

Shapley values have become one of the most popular feature attribution explanation methods. However, most prior work has focused on post-hoc Shapley explanations, which can be computationally demanding due to its exponential time complexity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-07 Rui Wang , Xiaoqian Wang , David I. Inouye

Cooperative game theory methods, notably Shapley values, have significantly enhanced machine learning (ML) interpretability. However, existing explainable AI (XAI) frameworks mainly attribute average model predictions, overlooking…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Marouane Il Idrissi , Agathe Fernandes Machado , Ewen Gallic , Arthur Charpentier

Structural Causal Models (SCM) are a powerful framework for describing complicated dynamics across the natural sciences. A particularly elegant way of interpreting SCMs is do-Shapley, a game-theoretic method of quantifying the average…

A number of techniques have been proposed to explain a machine learning model's prediction by attributing it to the corresponding input features. Popular among these are techniques that apply the Shapley value method from cooperative game…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-29 Luke Merrick , Ankur Taly

Shapley Values (SV) are widely used in explainable AI, but their estimation and interpretation can be challenging, leading to inaccurate inferences and explanations. As a starting point, we remind an invariance principle for SV and derive…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-06-01 Salim I. Amoukou , Nicolas J-B. Brunel , Tangi Salaün

Shapley values underlie one of the most popular model-agnostic methods within explainable artificial intelligence. These values are designed to attribute the difference between a model's prediction and an average baseline to the different…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-11-04 Tom Heskes , Evi Sijben , Ioan Gabriel Bucur , Tom Claassen

Shapley value is a widely used tool in explainable artificial intelligence (XAI), as it provides a principled way to attribute contributions of input features to model outputs. However, estimation of Shapley value requires capturing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Cheng Lu , Jiusun Zeng , Yu Xia , Jinhui Cai , Shihua Luo

As Artificial Intelligence (AI) is having more influence on our everyday lives, it becomes important that AI-based decisions are transparent and explainable. As a consequence, the field of eXplainable AI (or XAI) has become popular in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Nils Ole Breuer , Andreas Sauter , Majid Mohammadi , Erman Acar

Shapley value is a classic notion from game theory, historically used to quantify the contributions of individuals within groups, and more recently applied to assign values to data points when training machine learning models. Despite its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-28 Amirata Ghorbani , Michael P. Kim , James Zou
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