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Over the past few years, Large Language Models (LLMs) have developed rapidly and are widely applied in various domains. However, LLMs face the issue of hallucinations, generating responses that may be unreliable when the models lack…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-12 Huan Ma , Jingdong Chen , Joey Tianyi Zhou , Guangyu Wang , Changqing Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed across diverse domains, yet they are prone to generating factually incorrect outputs - commonly known as "hallucinations." Among existing mitigation strategies, uncertainty-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Samir Abdaljalil , Hasan Kurban , Parichit Sharma , Erchin Serpedin , Rachad Atat

Knowledge hallucination have raised widespread concerns for the security and reliability of deployed LLMs. Previous efforts in detecting hallucinations have been employed at logit-level uncertainty estimation or language-level…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Chao Chen , Kai Liu , Ze Chen , Yi Gu , Yue Wu , Mingyuan Tao , Zhihang Fu , Jieping Ye

Small language models (SLMs) have been increasingly deployed in edge devices and other resource-constrained settings. However, these models make confident mispredictions and produce unstable output, making them risky for factual and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Adeyemi Adeseye , Aisvarya Adeseye , Hannu Tenhunen , Jouni Isoaho

Accurately quantifying uncertainty in large language models (LLMs) is crucial for their reliable deployment, especially in high-stakes applications. Current state-of-the-art methods for measuring semantic uncertainty in LLMs rely on strict…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Yashvir S. Grewal , Edwin V. Bonilla , Thang D. Bui

Large Language Models (LLMs) have succeeded in a variety of natural language processing tasks [Zha+25]. However, they have notable limitations. LLMs tend to generate hallucinations, a seemingly plausible yet factually unsupported output…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Martin Preiß

Hallucinations pose a significant challenge to the reliability and alignment of Large Language Models (LLMs), limiting their widespread acceptance beyond chatbot applications. Despite ongoing efforts, hallucinations remain a prevalent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Cem Uluoglakci , Tugba Taskaya Temizel

Hallucination remains a key obstacle to the reliable deployment of large language models (LLMs) in real-world question answering tasks. A widely adopted strategy to detect hallucination, known as self-assessment, relies on the model's own…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Jinyuan Luo , Zhen Fang , Yixuan Li , Seongheon Park , Ling Chen

Hallucination detection is critical for ensuring the reliability of large language models (LLMs) in context-based generation. Prior work has explored intrinsic signals available during generation, among which attention offers a direct view…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Siya Qi , Yudong Chen , Runcong Zhao , Qinglin Zhu , Zhanghao Hu , Wei Liu , Yulan He , Zheng Yuan , Lin Gui

Uncertainty estimation is a necessary component when implementing AI in high-risk settings, such as autonomous cars, medicine, or insurances. Large Language Models (LLMs) have seen a surge in popularity in recent years, but they are subject…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Gabriel Y. Arteaga , Thomas B. Schön , Nicolas Pielawski

The proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) is challenged by hallucinations, critical failure modes where models generate non-factual, nonsensical or unfaithful text. This paper introduces Semantic Divergence Metrics (SDM), a novel…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Igor Halperin

Large Language Models (LLMs) are adept at text manipulation -- tasks such as machine translation and text summarization. However, these models can also be prone to hallucination, which can be detrimental to the faithfulness of any answers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Priyesh Vakharia , Devavrat Joshi , Meenal Chavan , Dhananjay Sonawane , Bhrigu Garg , Parsa Mazaheri

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly recognized for their exceptional generative capabilities and versatility across various tasks. However, the high inference costs associated with these models have not received adequate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Soham Poddar , Paramita Koley , Janardan Misra , Sanjay Podder , Niloy Ganguly , Saptarshi Ghosh

The detection of sophisticated hallucinations in Large Language Models (LLMs) is hampered by a ``Detection Dilemma'': methods probing internal states (Internal State Probing) excel at identifying factual inconsistencies but fail on logical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Yusheng Song , Lirong Qiu , Xi Zhang , Zhihao Tang

Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) have achieved impressive progress in visual perception and reasoning. However, when confronted with visually ambiguous or non-semantic scene text, they often struggle to accurately spot and understand the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Yan Shu , Hangui Lin , Yexin Liu , Yan Zhang , Gangyan Zeng , Yan Li , Yu Zhou , Ser-Nam Lim , Harry Yang , Nicu Sebe

Large language models (LLMs) often generate responses that deviate from user input or training data, a phenomenon known as "hallucination." These hallucinations undermine user trust and hinder the adoption of generative AI systems.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Yejin Bang , Ziwei Ji , Alan Schelten , Anthony Hartshorn , Tara Fowler , Cheng Zhang , Nicola Cancedda , Pascale Fung

Large Language Models (LLMs) and Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) offer transformative potential for high-stakes domains like finance and law, but their tendency to hallucinate, generating factually incorrect or unsupported content, poses a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Ahmad Pesaranghader , Erin Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) achieve strong performance across many tasks but suffer from high inference latency due to autoregressive decoding. The issue is exacerbated in Large Reasoning Models (LRMs), which generate lengthy chains of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Ximing Dong , Shaowei Wang , Dayi Lin , Boyuan Chen , Ahmed E. Hassan

Language models, particularly generative models, are susceptible to hallucinations, generating outputs that contradict factual knowledge or the source text. This study explores methods for detecting hallucinations in three SemEval-2024 Task…

Large language models (LLMs) are notorious for hallucinating, i.e., producing erroneous claims in their output. Such hallucinations can be dangerous, as occasional factual inaccuracies in the generated text might be obscured by the rest of…