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Sharding is a technique to speed up transaction processing in blockchains, where the $n$ processing nodes in the blockchain are divided into $s$ disjoint groups (shards) that can process transactions in parallel. We study dynamic scheduling…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Ramesh Adhikari , Costas Busch , Miroslav Popovic

Sharding distributed ledgers is a promising on-chain solution for scaling blockchains but lacks formal grounds, nurturing skepticism on whether such complex systems can scale blockchains securely. We fill this gap by introducing the first…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Georgia Avarikioti , Antoine Desjardins , Eleftherios Kokoris-Kogias , Roger Wattenhofer

Blockchain technology offers decentralization and security but struggles with scalability, particularly in enterprise settings where efficiency and controlled access are paramount. Sharding is a promising solution for private blockchains,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-09 M. Z. Haider , M. Dias de Assuncao , Kaiwen Zhang

Blockchain technology facilitates the development of decentralized systems that ensure trust and transparency without the need for expensive centralized intermediaries. However, existing blockchain architectures particularly consortium…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Qi Xia , Hu Xia , Isaac Amankona Obiri , Adjei-Arthur Bonsu , Grace Mupoyi Ntuala , Ansu Badjie , Tienin Bole Wilfried , Jiaqin Liu , Lan Ma , Jianbin Gao , Feng Yao

Blockchain databases have attracted widespread attention but suffer from poor scalability due to underlying non-scalable blockchains. While blockchain sharding is necessary for a scalable blockchain database, it poses a new challenge named…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Zicong Hong , Song Guo , Enyuan Zhou , Wuhui Chen , Huawei Huang , Albert Zomaya

Decentralized crypto-currencies based on the blockchain architecture under-utilize available network bandwidth, making them unable to scale to thousands of transactions per second. We define the Blockclique architecture, that addresses this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-02-11 Sébastien Forestier , Damir Vodenicarevic , Adrien Laversanne-Finot

Blockchain technologies are one possible avenue for increasing the resilience of the Smart Grid, by decentralizing the monitoring and control of system-level objectives such as voltage stability protection. They furthermore offer benefits…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-06-29 Kimia Honari , Xiaotian Zhou , Sara Rouhani , Scott Dick , Hao Liang , James Miller Li , James Miller

The main problem faced by smart contract platforms is the amount of time and computational power required to reach consensus. In a classical blockchain model, each operation is in fact performed by each node, both to update the status and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-11-11 Alessio Meneghetti , Tommaso Parise , Massimiliano Sala , Daniele Taufer

Existing blockchain sharding protocols have focused on eliminating imbalanced workload distributions. However, even with workload balance, disparities in processing capabilities can lead to differential stress among shards, resulting in…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Xinpeng Huang , Wanqing Jie , Shiwen Zhang , Haofu Yang , Wangjie Qiu , Qinnan Zhang , Huawei Huang , Zehui Xiong , Shaoting Tang , Hongwei Zheng , Zhiming Zheng

The development of blockchain applications increased the demand for blockchain performance. Among the attempts of many blockchain scale-out solutions, sharding can improve performance and reduce the storage requirements of each node.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-07-08 Jia Kan , Jie Zhang , Xin Huang

Blockchain Sharding is a blockchain performance enhancement approach. By splitting a blockchain into several parallel-run committees (shards), it helps increase transaction throughput, reduce computational resources required, and increase…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-02-06 Yibin Xu , Jianhua Shao , Yangyu Huang , Tijs Slaats , Boris Düdder

Sharding is used to improve the scalability and performance of blockchain systems. We investigate the stability of blockchain sharding, where transactions are continuously generated by an adversarial model. The system consists of $n$…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Ramesh Adhikari , Costas Busch , Dariusz R. Kowalski

Sharding is the prevalent approach to breaking the trilemma of simultaneously achieving decentralization, security, and scalability in traditional blockchain systems, which are implemented as replicated state machines relying on atomic…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-01 Yizhong Liu , Jianwei Liu , Marcos Antonio Vaz Salles , Zongyang Zhang , Tong Li , Bin Hu , Fritz Henglein , Rongxing Lu

A Unitychain is a novel blockchain-like structure that drastically improves transaction scalability and security while maintaining ongoing network performance, even if participating nodes are required to perform a new Distributed Key…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-01-22 Joshua D. Tobkin

As an append-only distributed database, blockchain is utilized in a vast variety of applications including the cryptocurrency and Internet-of-Things (IoT). The existing blockchain solutions show downsides in communication and storage…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-09-02 Yahya Hassanzadeh-Nazarabadi , Alptekin Küpçü , Öznur Özkasap

Sharding has emerged as a critical solution to address the scalability challenges faced by blockchain networks, enabling them to achieve higher transaction throughput, reduced latency, and optimized resource usage. This paper investigates…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Ziwei Wang , Cong Wu , Paolo Tasca

Scalability is a crucial requirement for modern large-scale systems, enabling elasticity and ensuring responsiveness under varying load. While cloud systems have achieved scalable architectures, blockchain systems remain constrained by the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Quentin Kniep , Lefteris Kokoris-Kogias , Alberto Sonnino , Igor Zablotchi , Nuda Zhang

Supply chain traceability refers to product tracking from the source to customers, demanding transparency, authenticity, and high efficiency. In recent years, blockchain has been widely adopted in supply chain traceability to provide…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Hanqing Wu , Shan Jiang , Jiannong Cao

Sharding is a promising blockchain scaling solution. But it currently suffers from high latency and low throughput when it comes to cross-shard transactions, i.e., transactions that require coordination from multiple shards. The root cause…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-02-01 Sourav Das , Vinith Krishnan , Ling Ren

The Philos Marketplace blockchain system is a proposed hierarchical blockchain architecture which allows a large number of individual blockchains to operate in parallel. These parallel chains achieve consensus among one another on a limited…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-03-10 Pam Russell , Philip Brown