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Spiking neural networks (SNNs) operating with asynchronous discrete events show higher energy efficiency with sparse computation. A popular approach for implementing deep SNNs is ANN-SNN conversion combining both efficient training of ANNs…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Ziming Wang , Shuang Lian , Yuhao Zhang , Xiaoxin Cui , Rui Yan , Huajin Tang

Neuromorphic data carries information in spatio-temporal patterns encoded by spikes. Accordingly, a central problem in neuromorphic computing is training spiking neural networks (SNNs) to reproduce spatio-temporal spiking patterns in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-03 Bleema Rosenfeld , Osvaldo Simeone , Bipin Rajendran

Spiking neural networks (SNN) are artificial computational models that have been inspired by the brain's ability to naturally encode and process information in the time domain. The added temporal dimension is believed to render them more…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2019-05-29 S. R. Nandakumar , Irem Boybat , Manuel Le Gallo , Evangelos Eleftheriou , Abu Sebastian , Bipin Rajendran

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) operate with asynchronous discrete events (or spikes) which can potentially lead to higher energy-efficiency in neuromorphic hardware implementations. Many works have shown that an SNN for inference can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-06 Nitin Rathi , Gopalakrishnan Srinivasan , Priyadarshini Panda , Kaushik Roy

There has been an increasing interest in spiking neural networks in recent years. SNNs are seen as hypothetical solutions for the bottlenecks of ANNs in pattern recognition, such as energy efficiency. But current methods such as ANN-to-SNN…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-07-06 El-Assal Mireille , Tirilly Pierre , Bilasco Ioan Marius

This paper introduces the first low-power hardware accelerator for Spiking Transformers, an emerging alternative to traditional artificial neural networks. By modifying the base Spikformer model to use IAND instead of residual addition, the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Bo-Yu Chen , Tian-Sheuan Chang

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) offer a promising direction for energy-efficient and brain-inspired computing, yet their vulnerability to adversarial perturbations remains poorly understood. In this work, we revisit the adversarial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Jihang Wang , Dongcheng Zhao , Ruolin Chen , Qian Zhang , Yi Zeng

Transformer-based Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) suffer from a great performance gap compared to floating-point \mbox{Artificial} Neural Networks (ANNs) due to the binary nature of spike trains. Recent efforts have introduced deep-level…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Zeqi Zheng , Zizheng Zhu , Yingchao Yu , Yanchen Huang , Changze Lv , Junfeng Tang , Zhaofei Yu , Yaochu Jin

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are biologically-inspired deep neural networks that efficiently extract temporal information while offering promising gains in terms of energy efficiency and latency when deployed on neuromorphic devices. SNN…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Sanja Karilanova , Maxime Fabre , Emre Neftci , Ayça Özçelikkale

Third-generation artificial neural networks, Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), can be efficiently implemented on hardware. Their implementation on neuromorphic chips opens a broad range of applications, such as machine learning-based…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Elisa Nguyen , Meike Nauta , Gwenn Englebienne , Christin Seifert

While the exponential growth of the space sector and new operative concepts ask for higher spacecraft autonomy, the development of AI-assisted space systems was so far hindered by the low availability of power and energy typical of space…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Paolo Lunghi , Stefano Silvestrini , Dominik Dold , Gabriele Meoni , Alexander Hadjiivanov , Dario Izzo

Neuromorphic computing and spiking neural networks (SNN) mimic the behavior of biological systems and have drawn interest for their potential to perform cognitive tasks with high energy efficiency. However, some factors such as temporal…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-05-10 Haowen Fang , Brady Taylor , Ziru Li , Zaidao Mei , Hai Li , Qinru Qiu

Machine learning with artificial neural networks (ANNs), provides solutions for the growing complexity of modern communication systems. This complexity, however, increases power consumption, making the systems energy-intensive. Spiking…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-26 Eike-Manuel Edelmann

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are highly regarded for their energy efficiency, inherent activation sparsity, and suitability for real-time processing in edge devices. However, most current SNN methods adopt architectures resembling…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Yesmine Abdennadher , Giovanni Perin , Riccardo Mazzieri , Jacopo Pegoraro , Michele Rossi

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are emerging as a promising alternative to traditional artificial neural networks (ANNs), offering biological plausibility and energy efficiency. Despite these merits, SNNs are frequently hampered by limited…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Yi Xiao , Qiangqiang Yuan , Kui Jiang , Wenke Huang , Qiang Zhang , Tingting Zheng , Chia-Wen Lin , Liangpei Zhang

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are emerging as an energy-efficient alternative to traditional artificial neural networks (ANNs) due to their unique spike-based event-driven nature. Coding is crucial in SNNs as it converts external input…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Xuerui Qiu , Rui-Jie Zhu , Yuhong Chou , Zhaorui Wang , Liang-jian Deng , Guoqi Li

The spiking neural network (SNN) computes and communicates information through discrete binary events. It is considered more biologically plausible and more energy-efficient than artificial neural networks (ANN) in emerging neuromorphic…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-05-28 Yang Li , Yi Zeng , Dongcheng Zhao

Spiking neural networks (SNNs), known for their low-power, event-driven computation and intrinsic temporal dynamics, are emerging as promising solutions for processing dynamic, asynchronous signals from event-based sensors. Despite their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-05 Rui Zhang , Luziwei Leng , Kaiwei Che , Hu Zhang , Jie Cheng , Qinghai Guo , Jiangxing Liao , Ran Cheng

We study the Human Activity Recognition (HAR) task, which predicts user daily activity based on time series data from wearable sensors. Recently, researchers use end-to-end Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) to extract the features and…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-12-06 Yuhang Li , Ruokai Yin , Hyoungseob Park , Youngeun Kim , Priyadarshini Panda

Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs) demonstrate strong capability in modeling skeletal topology for action recognition, yet their dense floating-point computations incur high energy costs. Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), characterized by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Naichuan Zheng , Xiahai Lun , Weiyi Li , Yuchen Du