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Search methods based on Pretrained Language Models (PLM) have demonstrated great effectiveness gains compared to statistical and early neural ranking models. However, fine-tuning PLM-based rankers requires a great amount of annotated…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-09-13 Sophia Althammer , Guido Zuccon , Sebastian Hofstätter , Suzan Verberne , Allan Hanbury

Instruction-tuning language models has become a crucial step in aligning them for general use. Typically, this process involves extensive training on large datasets, incurring high training costs. In this paper, we introduce a novel…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-19 Dheeraj Mekala , Alex Nguyen , Jingbo Shang

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has become a key driver for enhancing the long chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, prevalent methods like GRPO often fail when task difficulty exceeds the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Xinyi Wang , Jinyi Han , Zishang Jiang , Tingyun Li , Jiaqing Liang , Sihang Jiang , Zhaoqian Dai , Shuguang Ma , Fei Yu , Yanghua Xiao

We demonstrate that co-training (Blum & Mitchell, 1998) can improve the performance of prompt-based learning by using unlabeled data. While prompting has emerged as a promising paradigm for few-shot and zero-shot learning, it is often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-03 Hunter Lang , Monica Agrawal , Yoon Kim , David Sontag

Large language models (LLMs) can be leveraged to help with writing formulas in spreadsheets, but resources on these formulas are scarce, impacting both the base performance of pre-trained models and limiting the ability to fine-tune them.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Usneek Singh , José Cambronero , Sumit Gulwani , Aditya Kanade , Anirudh Khatry , Vu Le , Mukul Singh , Gust Verbruggen

The existence of adversarial examples points to a basic weakness of deep neural networks. One of the most effective defenses against such examples, adversarial training, entails training models with some degree of robustness, usually at the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Matan Levi , Aryeh Kontorovich

State-of-the-art reasoning models utilize long chain-of-thought (CoT) to solve increasingly complex problems using more test-time computation. In this work, we explore a long CoT setting where the model makes up to K successive attempts at…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Muhammed Emrullah Ildiz , Halil Alperen Gozeten , Ege Onur Taga , Samet Oymak

We consider problems of making sequences of decisions to accomplish tasks, interacting via the medium of language. These problems are often tackled with reinforcement learning approaches. We find that these models do not generalize well…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-07 Xusen Yin , Ralph Weischedel , Jonathan May

Large Language Models (LLMs) generate functionally correct solutions but often fall short in code efficiency, a critical bottleneck for real-world deployment. In this paper, we introduce a novel test-time iterative optimization framework to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Mingzhe Du , Luu Anh Tuan , Yue Liu , Yuhao Qing , Dong Huang , Xinyi He , Qian Liu , Zejun Ma , See-kiong Ng

Reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a viable recipe for training LLM agents to reason over external memory banks in multi-session dialogue. Existing work trains exclusively on a single benchmark, leaving open how the composition of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Xinjie He , Zhiyuan Lin , Su Liu , Jialun Wu , Qiyang Xie , Weikai Zhou , Shuai Xiao

Optimization problems are ubiquitous in our societies and are present in almost every segment of the economy. Most of these optimization problems are NP-hard and computationally demanding, often requiring approximate solutions for…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-06-23 James Kotary , Ferdinando Fioretto , Pascal Van Hentenryck

The in-context learning ability of large language models (LLMs) enables them to generalize to novel downstream tasks with relatively few labeled examples. However, they require enormous computational resources to be deployed. Alternatively,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Jean Kaddour , Qi Liu

Crowdsourcing has been the prevalent paradigm for creating natural language understanding datasets in recent years. A common crowdsourcing practice is to recruit a small number of high-quality workers, and have them massively generate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-08-29 Mor Geva , Yoav Goldberg , Jonathan Berant

Language models can learn a range of capabilities from unsupervised training on text corpora. However, to solve a particular problem (such as text summarization) it is typically necessary to fine-tune them on a task-specific dataset. It is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-16 Adam Gleave , Geoffrey Irving

Many recent approaches to natural language tasks are built on the remarkable abilities of large language models. Large language models can perform in-context learning, where they learn a new task from a few task demonstrations, without any…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-07 Hongjin Su , Jungo Kasai , Chen Henry Wu , Weijia Shi , Tianlu Wang , Jiayi Xin , Rui Zhang , Mari Ostendorf , Luke Zettlemoyer , Noah A. Smith , Tao Yu

Reinforcement learning in large language models (LLMs) often relies on scalar rewards, a practice that discards valuable textual rationale buried in the rollouts, forcing the model to explore \textit{de novo} with each attempt and hindering…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Ang Li , Yifei Wang , Zhihang Yuan , Stefanie Jegelka , Yisen Wang

While large language models (LLMs) demonstrate reasonable zero-shot capability across many downstream tasks, fine-tuning is a common practice to improve their performance. However, a task's data efficiency--i.e., the number of fine-tuning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Gyung Hyun Je , Colin Raffel

Foundation model reliability assessment typically requires thousands of evaluation examples, making it computationally expensive and time-consuming for real-world deployment. We introduce microprobe, a novel approach that achieves…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Aayam Bansal , Ishaan Gangwani

The substantial increase in AI model training has considerable environmental implications, mandating more energy-efficient and sustainable AI practices. On the one hand, data-centric approaches show great potential towards training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Mohammed Alswaitti , Roberto Verdecchia , Grégoire Danoy , Pascal Bouvry , Johnatan Pecero

This paper provides a self-contained, from-scratch, exposition of key algorithms for instruction tuning of models: SFT, Rejection Sampling, REINFORCE, Trust Region Policy Optimization (TRPO), Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO), Group…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Rohit Patel