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This paper proposes the creation of a Swahili Question Answering (QA) benchmark dataset, aimed at addressing the underrepresentation of Swahili in natural language processing (NLP). Drawing from established benchmarks like SQuAD, GLUE,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Alfred Malengo Kondoro

The NLP research community has devoted increased attention to languages beyond English, resulting in considerable improvements for multilingual NLP. However, these improvements only apply to a small subset of the world's languages. Aiming…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Esther Ploeger , Wessel Poelman , Miryam de Lhoneux , Johannes Bjerva

Stereotype repositories are critical to assess generative AI model safety, but currently lack adequate global coverage. It is imperative to prioritize targeted expansion, strategically addressing existing deficits, over merely increasing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Aishwarya Verma , Laud Ammah , Olivia Nercy Ndlovu Lucas , Andrew Zaldivar , Vinodkumar Prabhakaran , Sunipa Dev

Africa's rich linguistic heritage remains underrepresented in NLP, largely due to historical policies that favor foreign languages and create significant data inequities. In this paper, we integrate theoretical insights on Africa's language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Ife Adebara , Hawau Olamide Toyin , Nahom Tesfu Ghebremichael , AbdelRahim Elmadany , Muhammad Abdul-Mageed

Many attempts have been made in multilingual NLP to ensure that pre-trained language models, such as mBERT or GPT2 get better and become applicable to low-resource languages. To achieve multilingualism for pre-trained language models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Jesse Atuhurra , Hiroyuki Shindo , Hidetaka Kamigaito , Taro Watanabe

Typologically diverse benchmarks are increasingly created to track the progress achieved in multilingual NLP. Linguistic diversity of these data sets is typically measured as the number of languages or language families included in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-17 Tanja Samardzic , Ximena Gutierrez , Christian Bentz , Steven Moran , Olga Pelloni

Kenya, known for its linguistic diversity, faces unique challenges and promising opportunities in advancing Natural Language Processing (NLP) technologies, particularly for its underrepresented indigenous languages. This survey provides a…

Multilingual NLP is often treated as a route to global inclusion, but linguistic coverage and cultural competence frequently diverge. This paper synthesizes over 50 papers spanning multilingual performance inequality, cross-lingual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Sina Bagheri Nezhad

As large language models (LLMs) expand multilingual capabilities, questions remain about the equity of their performance across languages. While many communities stand to benefit from AI systems, the dominance of English in training data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Sophie Jaffer , Simeon Sayer

This survey provides the first systematic review of Arabic LLM benchmarks, analyzing 40+ evaluation benchmarks across NLP tasks, knowledge domains, cultural understanding, and specialized capabilities. We propose a taxonomy organizing…

Recent advances in word embeddings and language models use large-scale, unlabelled data and self-supervised learning to boost NLP performance. Multilingual models, often trained on web-sourced data like Wikipedia, face challenges: few…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-02 David Ifeoluwa Adelani

With over 2,000 languages and potentially millions of speakers, Africa represents one of the richest linguistic regions in the world. Yet, this diversity is scarcely reflected in state-of-the-art natural language processing (NLP) systems…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Jesujoba O. Alabi , Michael A. Hedderich , David Ifeoluwa Adelani , Dietrich Klakow

Amidst the rapid advances of large language models (LLMs), most LLMs still struggle with mixed-language inputs, limited Codeswitching (CSW) datasets, and evaluation biases, which hinder their deployment in multilingual societies. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Rajvee Sheth , Samridhi Raj Sinha , Mahavir Patil , Himanshu Beniwal , Mayank Singh

Timely identification is essential for the efficient handling of mental health illnesses such as depression. However, the current research fails to adequately address the prediction of mental health conditions from social media data in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Zita Lifelo , Huansheng Ning , Sahraoui Dhelim

As NLP tools become ubiquitous in today's technological landscape, they are increasingly applied to languages with a variety of typological structures. However, NLP research does not focus primarily on typological differences in its…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-04 Sophie Groenwold , Samhita Honnavalli , Lily Ou , Aesha Parekh , Sharon Levy , Diba Mirza , William Yang Wang

Bengali is an underrepresented language in NLP research. However, it remains a challenge due to its unique linguistic structure and computational constraints. In this work, we systematically investigate the challenges that hinder Bengali…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Shimanto Bhowmik , Tawsif Tashwar Dipto , Md Sazzad Islam , Sheryl Hsu , Tahsin Reasat

Scaling existing applications and solutions to multiple human languages has traditionally proven to be difficult, mainly due to the language-dependent nature of preprocessing and feature engineering techniques employed in traditional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-01-01 Xiaotong Liu , Yingbei Tong , Anbang Xu , Rama Akkiraju

In Natural Language Processing (NLP), variation is typically seen as noise and "normalised away" before processing, even though it is an integral part of language. Conversely, studying language variation in social contexts is central to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Anne-Marie Lutgen , Alistair Plum , Verena Blaschke , Barbara Plank , Christoph Purschke

If today some African languages like Swahili have enough resources to develop high-performing Natural Language Processing (NLP) systems, many other languages spoken on the continent are still lacking such support. For these languages, still…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Naira Abdou Mohamed , Zakarya Erraji , Abdessalam Bahafid , Imade Benelallam

Language technologies should be judged on their usefulness in real-world use cases. An often overlooked aspect in natural language processing (NLP) research and evaluation is language variation in the form of non-standard dialects or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Fahim Faisal , Orevaoghene Ahia , Aarohi Srivastava , Kabir Ahuja , David Chiang , Yulia Tsvetkov , Antonios Anastasopoulos
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