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Safety alignment is a key requirement for building reliable Artificial General Intelligence. Despite significant advances in safety alignment, we observe that minor latent shifts can still trigger unsafe responses in aligned models. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Tianle Gu , Kexin Huang , Zongqi Wang , Yixu Wang , Jie Li , Yuanqi Yao , Yang Yao , Yujiu Yang , Yan Teng , Yingchun Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated great capabilities in natural language understanding and generation, largely attributed to the intricate alignment process using human feedback. While alignment has become an essential training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Bocheng Chen , Hanqing Guo , Guangjing Wang , Yuanda Wang , Qiben Yan

Graphical user interface (GUI) agents built on multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have recently demonstrated strong decision-making abilities in screen-based interaction tasks. However, they remain highly vulnerable to pop-up-based…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Zihe Yan , Jiaping Gui , Zhuosheng Zhang , Gongshen Liu

Recently, prompt tuning \cite{lester2021power} has gradually become a new paradigm for NLP, which only depends on the representation of the words by freezing the parameters of pre-trained language models (PLMs) to obtain remarkable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-31 Pan He , Yuxi Chen , Yan Wang , Yanru Zhang

Large Language Models are fundamental actors in the modern IT landscape dominated by AI solutions. However, security threats associated with them might prevent their reliable adoption in critical application scenarios such as government…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Marco Arazzi , Vignesh Kumar Kembu , Antonino Nocera , Vinod P

Rapidly evolving cyberattacks demand incident response systems that can autonomously learn and adapt to changing threats. Prior work has extensively explored the reinforcement learning approach, which involves learning response strategies…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Yiran Gao , Kim Hammar , Tao Li

As large language models (LLMs) gain popularity, their vulnerability to adversarial attacks emerges as a primary concern. While fine-tuning models on domain-specific datasets is often employed to improve model performance, it can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Punya Syon Pandey , Samuel Simko , Kellin Pelrine , Zhijing Jin

Large Language Models (LLMs) are vulnerable to jailbreak attacks that exploit weaknesses in traditional safety alignment, which often relies on rigid refusal heuristics or representation engineering to block harmful outputs. While they are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Yuyou Zhang , Miao Li , William Han , Yihang Yao , Zhepeng Cen , Ding Zhao

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit substantial promise in enhancing task-planning capabilities within embodied agents due to their advanced reasoning and comprehension. However, the systemic safety of these agents remains an underexplored…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Yuting Huang , Leilei Ding , Zhipeng Tang , Tianfu Wang , Xinrui Lin , Wuyang Zhang , Mingxiao Ma , Yanyong Zhang

Safety fine-tuning helps align Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences for their safe deployment. To better understand the underlying factors that make models safe via safety fine-tuning, we design a synthetic data generation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-22 Samyak Jain , Ekdeep Singh Lubana , Kemal Oksuz , Tom Joy , Philip H. S. Torr , Amartya Sanyal , Puneet K. Dokania

Generative AI is increasingly important in software engineering, including safety engineering, where its use ensures that software does not cause harm to people. This also leads to high quality requirements for generative AI. Therefore, the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-25 Florian Geissler , Karsten Roscher , Mario Trapp

Fine-tuning has emerged as a critical process in leveraging Large Language Models (LLMs) for specific downstream tasks, enabling these models to achieve state-of-the-art performance across various domains. However, the fine-tuning process…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Hao Du , Shang Liu , Lele Zheng , Yang Cao , Atsuyoshi Nakamura , Lei Chen

Agentic large language model (LLM) training often involves multi-turn interaction trajectories that branch into multiple execution paths due to concurrent tool use, think-mode, sub-agent, context management and other runtime designs. As a…

Recent studies have widely investigated backdoor attacks on Large Language Models (LLMs) by inserting harmful question-answer (QA) pairs into their training data. However, we revisit existing attacks and identify two critical limitations:…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Jiawei Kong , Hao Fang , Xiaochen Yang , Kuofeng Gao , Bin Chen , Shu-Tao Xia , Ke Xu , Han Qiu

The proliferation of open-weight Large Language Models (LLMs) has democratized agentic AI, yet fine-tuned weights are frequently shared and adopted with limited scrutiny beyond leaderboard performance. This creates a risk where third-party…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Bhanu Pallakonda , Mikkel Hindsbo , Sina Ehsani , Prag Mishra

Recent breakthroughs in Large Language Models (LLMs) have led to their adoption across a wide range of tasks, ranging from code generation to machine translation and sentiment analysis, etc. Red teaming/Safety alignment efforts show that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Essa Jan , Nouar AlDahoul , Moiz Ali , Faizan Ahmad , Fareed Zaffar , Yasir Zaki

Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained widespread adoption across various domains, including chatbots and auto-task completion agents. However, these models are susceptible to safety vulnerabilities such as jailbreaking, prompt injection,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Divyanshu Kumar , Anurakt Kumar , Sahil Agarwal , Prashanth Harshangi

Because "out-of-the-box" large language models are capable of generating a great deal of objectionable content, recent work has focused on aligning these models in an attempt to prevent undesirable generation. While there has been some…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-22 Andy Zou , Zifan Wang , Nicholas Carlini , Milad Nasr , J. Zico Kolter , Matt Fredrikson

Fine-tuning safety-aligned language models for downstream tasks often leads to substantial degradation of refusal behavior, making models vulnerable to adversarial misuse. While prior work has shown that safety-relevant features are encoded…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Sadia Asif , Mohammad Mohammadi Amiri

An important aspect in developing language models that interact with humans is aligning their behavior to be useful and unharmful for their human users. This is usually achieved by tuning the model in a way that enhances desired behaviors…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Yotam Wolf , Noam Wies , Oshri Avnery , Yoav Levine , Amnon Shashua