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Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) is widely used in security applications such as public key cryptography (PKC) and zero-knowledge proofs (ZKP). ECC is composed of modular arithmetic, where modular multiplication takes most of the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Jonathan Ku , Junyao Zhang , Haoxuan Shan , Saichand Samudrala , Jiawen Wu , Qilin Zheng , Ziru Li , JV Rajendran , Yiran Chen

Fault-tolerant quantum computation (FTQC) schemes using large block codes that encode $k>1$ qubits in $n$ physical qubits can potentially reduce the resource overhead to a great extent because of their high encoding rate. However, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-08-04 Yi-Cong Zheng , Ching-Yi Lai , Todd A. Brun , Leong-Chuan Kwek

To see the feasibility of a large-scale quantum computing, it is required to accurately analyze the performance and the quantum resource. However, most of the analysis reported so far have focused on the statistical examination, i.e.,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-05-20 Yongsoo Hwang , Taewan Kim , Chungheon Baek , Byung-Soo Choi

Historically, Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) is an active field of applied cryptography where recent focus is on high speed, constant time, and formally verified implementations. While there are a handful of outliers where all these…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-08-02 Dmitry Belyavsky , Billy Bob Brumley , Jesús-Javier Chi-Domínguez , Luis Rivera-Zamarripa , Igor Ustinov

Physical constraints and engineering challenges, including wafer dimensions, classical control cabling, and refrigeration volumes, impose significant limitations on the scalability of quantum computing units. As a result, a modular quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-27 Hugo Jacinto , Élie Gouzien , Nicolas Sangouard

Quantum algorithms face significant challenges due to qubit susceptibility to environmental noise, and quantum error correction typically requires prohibitive resource overhead. This paper proposes that quantum algorithms may possess…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-04 Fusheng Yang , Zhipeng Liang , Zhengzhong Yi , Xuan Wang

In late 2012 and early 2013 the discrete logarithm problem (DLP) in finite fields of small characteristic underwent a dramatic series of breakthroughs, culminating in a heuristic quasi-polynomial time algorithm, due to Barbulescu, Gaudry,…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2014-06-13 Robert Granger , Thorsten Kleinjung , Jens Zumbrägel

Shor's shockingly fast quantum algorithm for solving the period-finding problem is a threat for the most common public-key primitives, as it can be efficiently applied to solve both the Integer Factorisation Problem and the Discrete…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-07-26 Nicola Di Chiano , Riccardo Longo , Alessio Meneghetti , Giordano Santilli

In this paper we discuss the difficulties of mounting successful attack against crypto implementations when essential information is missing. We start with a detailed description of our attack against our own design, to highlight which…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-01-25 Ievgen Kabin , Zoya Dyka , Dan Klann , Jan Schaeffner , Peter Langendoerfer

Rydberg atom arrays are a promising platform for quantum optimization, encoding computationally hard problems by reducing them to independent set problems with unit-disk graph topology. In Nguyen et al., PRX Quantum 4, 010316 (2023), a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-30 Xi-Wei Pan , Huan-Hai Zhou , Yi-Ming Lu , Jin-Guo Liu

Most modern cryptographic systems, such as RSA and the Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange, rely on "trapdoor" mathematical functions that are presumed to be computationally difficult with existing tools. However, quantum computers will be able to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Alexander Meyer

The security foundation of blockchain system relies primarily on classical cryptographic methods and consensus algorithms. However, the advent of quantum computing poses a significant threat to conventional public-key cryptosystems based on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Fei Xu , Cheng Ye , Jie OuYang , Ziqiang Wu , Haoze Chen , An Hua , Meifeng Gao , Qiandong Zhang , Minghan Li , Feilong Li , Yajun Miao , Wei Qi

Post-selection strategies that discard low-confidence computational results can significantly improve the effective fidelity of quantum error correction at the cost of reduced acceptance rates, which can be particularly useful for offline…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-27 Seok-Hyung Lee , Lucas H. English , Stephen D. Bartlett

Quantum superposition and entanglement of physical states can be harnessed to solve some problems which are intractable on a classical computer implementing binary logic. Several algorithms have been proposed to utilize the quantum nature…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-12-10 Debanjan Bhowmik , Aamod Shanker , Angik Sarkar , Tarun Kanti Bhattacharyya

Recently Shor showed how to perform fault tolerant quantum computation when the error probability is logarithmically small. We improve this bound and describe fault tolerant quantum computation when the error probability is smaller than…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-02-03 Dorit Aharonov , Michael Ben-Or

A primary objective of quantum computation is to efficiently simulate quantum physics. Scientifically and technologically important quantum Hamiltonians include those with spin-$s$, vibrational, photonic, and other bosonic degrees of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-12-11 Nicolas P. D. Sawaya , Gian Giacomo Guerreschi , Adam Holmes

Due to Shor's algorithm, quantum computers are a severe threat for public key cryptography. This motivated the cryptographic community to search for quantum-safe solutions. On the other hand, the impact of quantum computing on secret key…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-13 Marc Kaplan , Gaëtan Leurent , Anthony Leverrier , María Naya-Plasencia

Quantum computation represents a threat to many cryptographic protocols in operation today. It has been estimated that by 2035, there will exist a quantum computer capable of breaking the vital cryptographic scheme RSA2048. Blockchain…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-05-06 Joseph J. Kearney , Carlos A. Perez-Delgado

Neutral atom arrays have recently emerged as a promising platform for quantum information processing. One important remaining roadblock for the large-scale application of these systems is the ability to perform error-corrected quantum…

In cryptanalysis, solving the discrete logarithm problem (DLP) is key to assessing the security of many public-key cryptosystems. The index-calculus methods, that attack the DLP in multiplicative subgroups of finite fields, require solving…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2014-12-05 Hamza Jeljeli