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Quantised neural networks (QNNs) shrink models and reduce inference energy through low-bit arithmetic, yet most still depend on a running statistics batch normalisation (BN) layer, preventing true integer-only deployment. Prior attempts…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Pengfei Sun , Wenyu Jiang , Piew Yoong Chee , Paul Devos , Dick Botteldooren

Fixed-point optimization of deep neural networks plays an important role in hardware based design and low-power implementations. Many deep neural networks show fairly good performance even with 2- or 3-bit precision when quantized weights…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-02-28 Sungho Shin , Yoonho Boo , Wonyong Sung

Quantization, a commonly used technique to reduce the memory footprint of a neural network for edge computing, entails reducing the precision of the floating-point representation used for the parameters of the network. The impact of such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-27 Abhishek Murthy , Himel Das , Md Ariful Islam

Deep neural networks have achieved state-of-the-art results in a wide range of applications, from natural language processing and computer vision to speech recognition. However, as tasks become increasingly complex, model sizes continue to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Tomer Gafni , Asaf Karnieli , Yair Hanani

Quantization of weights and activations in Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) is a powerful technique for network compression, and has enjoyed significant attention and success. However, much of the inference-time benefit of quantization is…

Performance · Computer Science 2019-12-13 Andrew Anderson , David Gregg

In recent years Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have been rapidly developed in various applications, together with increasingly complex architectures. The performance gain of these DNNs generally comes with high computational costs and large…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-12-05 Yiren Zhou , Seyed-Mohsen Moosavi-Dezfooli , Ngai-Man Cheung , Pascal Frossard

Network quantization allows inference to be conducted using low-precision arithmetic for improved inference efficiency of deep neural networks on edge devices. However, designing aggressively low-bit (e.g., 2-bit) quantization schemes on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Peng Chen , Jing Liu , Bohan Zhuang , Mingkui Tan , Chunhua Shen

The nonuniform quantization strategy for compressing neural networks usually achieves better performance than its counterpart, i.e., uniform strategy, due to its superior representational capacity. However, many nonuniform quantization…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-08 Zechun Liu , Kwang-Ting Cheng , Dong Huang , Eric Xing , Zhiqiang Shen

As edge applications using convolutional neural networks (CNN) models grow, it is becoming necessary to introduce dedicated hardware accelerators in which network parameters and feature-map data are represented with limited precision. In…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-11-01 Doyun Kim , Han Young Yim , Sanghyuck Ha , Changgwun Lee , Inyup Kang

Network quantization, which aims to reduce the bit-lengths of the network weights and activations, has emerged for their deployments to resource-limited devices. Although recent studies have successfully discretized a full-precision…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-07 Jung Hyun Lee , Jihun Yun , Sung Ju Hwang , Eunho Yang

Deploying neural networks on the edge has become increasingly important as deep learning is being applied in an increasing amount of applications. At the edge computing hardware typically has limited resources disallowing to run neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Quinten Van Baelen , Peter Karsmakers

Deep neural network (DNN) quantization for fast, efficient inference has been an important tool in limiting the cost of machine learning (ML) model inference. Quantization-specific model development techniques such as regularization,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Stone Yun , Alexander Wong

Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) offer the most promising path to obtaining quantum advantages via noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) processors. Such systems leverage classical optimization to tune the parameters of a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-26 Sharu Theresa Jose , Osvaldo Simeone

Quantization techniques applied to the inference of deep neural networks have enabled fast and efficient execution on resource-constraint devices. The success of quantization during inference has motivated the academic community to explore…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-11 Marios Fournarakis , Markus Nagel

We demonstrate that extremely low resolution quantized (nominally 5-state) synapses with large stochastic variations in Domain Wall (DW) position can be both energy efficient and achieve reasonably high testing accuracies compared to Deep…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2023-05-18 Walid A. Misba , Mark Lozano , Damien Querlioz , Jayasimha Atulasimha

Excess noise is a major obstacle to high-performance continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD), which is mainly derived from the amplitude attenuation and phase fluctuation of quantum signals caused by channel instability. Here,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-22 Kexin Liang , Geng Chai , Zhengwen Cao , Qing Wang , Lei Wang , Jinye Peng

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) are very popular in many fields including computer vision, speech recognition, natural language processing, to name a few. Though deep learning leads to groundbreaking performance in these domains, the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-09-21 Chaim Baskin , Natan Liss , Yoav Chai , Evgenii Zheltonozhskii , Eli Schwartz , Raja Giryes , Avi Mendelson , Alexander M. Bronstein

The deployment of deep neural networks on resource-constrained devices relies on quantization. While static, uniform quantization applies a fixed bit-width to all inputs, it fails to adapt to their varying complexity. Dynamic,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Hazem Hesham Yousef Shalby , Fabrizio Pittorino , Francesca Palermo , Diana Trojaniello , Manuel Roveri

Quantization-aware training (QAT) is essential for deploying large models under strict memory and latency constraints, yet achieving stable and robust optimization at ultra-low bitwidths remains challenging. Common approaches based on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Tianyi Chen , Sihan Chen , Xiaoyi Qu , Dan Zhao , Ruomei Yan , Jongwoo Ko , Luming Liang , Pashmina Cameron

Deep Learning is moving to edge devices, ushering in a new age of distributed Artificial Intelligence (AI). The high demand of computational resources required by deep neural networks may be alleviated by approximate computing techniques,…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-11-15 Miguel de Prado , Maurizio Denna , Luca Benini , Nuria Pazos