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We introduce Lehmer parking functions and study their set of parking outcomes. Our main results establish that the number of outcomes of Lehmer parking functions of length $n$ is given by a Bell number, which is exactly the number of set…

Classical parking functions can be defined in terms of drivers with preferred parking spaces searching a linear parking lot for an open parking spot. We may consider this linear parking lot as a collection of $n$ vertices (parking spots)…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-05-30 Westin King , Catherine Yan

Graphical parking functions, or $G$-parking functions, are a generalization of classical parking functions which depend on a connected multigraph $G$ having a distinguished root vertex. Gaydarov and Hopkins characterized the relationship…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-09-19 Lauren Snider , Catherine Yan

A parking function is a sequence of N nonnegative integers majorated by a permutation of the set {0, ..., N-1}. We provide a way to encode parking functions by data suggested by J.Haglund and N.Loehr. This coding is compared with another…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Yurii M. Burman

Quicksort is a classical divide-and-conquer sorting algorithm. It is a comparison sort that makes an average of $2(n+1)H_n - 4n$ comparisons on an array of size $n$ ordered uniformly at random, where $H_n = \sum_{i=1}^n\frac{1}{i}$ is the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-06-23 Pamela E. Harris , Jan Kretschmann , J. Carlos Martínez Mori

Suppose that $n$ drivers each choose a preferred parking space in a linear car park with $m$ spaces. Each driver goes to the chosen space and parks there if it is free, and otherwise takes the first available space with larger number (if…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2008-07-08 Peter J. Cameron , Daniel Johannsen , Thomas Prellberg , Pascal Schweitzer

We introduce a generalization of parking functions called $t$-metered $(m,n)$-parking functions, in which one of $m$ cars parks among $n$ spots per hour then leaves after $t$ hours. We characterize and enumerate these sequences for $t=1$,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-06-21 Spencer Daugherty , Pamela E. Harris , Ian Klein , Matt McClinton

Searching for a parking spot can waste time and gasoline. This waste can be reduced by assigning drivers to parking lots based on their destination and arrival time. In such a system, drivers could request a parking spot in advance and be…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-07-14 Nicole Taheri , Jia Yuan Yu , Robert Shorten

We study the enumeration problem for different kind of tree parking functions introduced recently, called tree parking functions, tree parking distributions, prime tree parking functions, and prime tree parking distributions, for rooted…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-07-30 Alois Panholzer

Parking functions are tuples that describe the parking of $M$ cars on a street with $M$ parking spots. In this paper, we define exact $k$-typed parking functions ($k$-TPFs) to be a variant of classical parking functions. We then establish…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-03-03 Aalliyah Celestine , Jacob van der Leeuw , Lina Liu

Unit-interval parking functions are subset of parking functions in which cars park at most one spot away from their preferred parking spot. In this paper, we characterize unit-interval parking functions by understanding how they decompose…

Let $1\leq r\leq n$ and suppose that, when the Depth-first Search Algorithm is applied to a given rooted labelled tree on $n+1$ vertices, exactly $r$ vertices are visited before backtracking. Let $R$ be the set of trees with this property.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-03-08 Rui Duarte , António Guedes de Oliveira

Given a strictly increasing sequence $\mathbf{t}$ with entries from $[n]:=\{1,\ldots,n\}$, a parking completion is a sequence $\mathbf{c}$ with $|\mathbf{t}|+|\mathbf{c}|=n$ and $|\{t\in \mathbf{t}\mid t\le i\}|+|\{c\in \mathbf{c}\mid c\le…

For any integers $1\leq k\leq n$, we introduce a new family of parking functions called $k$-vacillating parking functions of length $n$. The parking rule for $k$-vacillating parking functions allows a car with preference $p$ to park in the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-08-27 Bruce Fang , Pamela E. Harris , Brian M. Kamau , David Wang

We recall that unit interval parking functions of length $n$ are a subset of parking functions in which every car parks in its preference or in the spot after its preference, and Fubini rankings of length $n$ are rankings of $n$ competitors…

We extend the notion of parking functions to parking sequences, which include cars of different sizes, and prove a product formula for the number of such sequences.

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-08-31 Richard Ehrenborg , Alex Happ

We apply the concept of parking functions to rooted labelled trees and functional digraphs of mappings (i.e., functions $f : [n] \to [n]$) by considering the nodes as parking spaces and the directed edges as one-way streets: Each driver has…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-04-21 Marie-Louise Bruner , Alois Panholzer

A parking function of length $n$ is a sequence $\pi=(\pi_1,\dots, \pi_n)$ of positive integers such that if $\lambda_1\leq\cdots\leq \lambda_n$ is the increasing rearrangement of $\pi_1,\dots,\pi_n$, then $\lambda_i\leq i$ for $1\leq i\leq…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-12-24 Martin Rubey , Mei Yin

In this paper, we explore parking distributions on caterpillar trees, focusing on two primary statistics: the number of lucky cars and the frequency with which cars prefer specific parking spaces. We use first-return decomposition to reveal…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-09-03 Amanuel T. Getachew

Kreweras proved that the reversed sum enumerator for parking functions of length $n$ is equal to the inversion enumerator for labeled trees on $n+1$ vertices. Recently, Perkinson, Yang, and Yu gave a bijective proof of this equality that…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-12-24 Petar Gaydarov , Sam Hopkins