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The Model Context Protocol (MCP) is an open and standardized interface that enables large language models (LLMs) to interact with external tools and services, and is increasingly adopted by AI agents. However, the security of MCP-based…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Yuhang Huang , Boyang Ma , Biwei Yan , Xuelong Dai , Yechao Zhang , Minghui Xu , Kaidi Xu , Yue Zhang

Model Context Protocol (MCP) standardizes interface mapping for large language models (LLMs) to access external data and tools, which revolutionizes the paradigm of tool selection and facilitates the rapid expansion of the LLM agent tool…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Zihan Wang , Rui Zhang , Yu Liu , Wenshu Fan , Wenbo Jiang , Qingchuan Zhao , Hongwei Li , Guowen Xu

The rapid development of the AI agent communication protocols, including the Model Context Protocol (MCP), Agent2Agent (A2A), Agora, and Agent Network Protocol (ANP), is reshaping how AI agents communicate with tools, services, and each…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Zeynab Anbiaee , Mahdi Rabbani , Mansur Mirani , Gunjan Piya , Igor Opushnyev , Ali Ghorbani , Sajjad Dadkhah

The remarkable capability of large language models (LLMs) has led to the wide application of LLM-based agents in various domains. To standardize interactions between LLM-based agents and their environments, model context protocol (MCP)…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Ping He , Changjiang Li , Binbin Zhao , Tianyu Du , Shouling Ji

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) introduces a standard specification that defines how Foundation Model (FM)-based agents should interact with external systems by invoking tools. However, to understand a tool's purpose and features, FMs rely…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Mohammed Mehedi Hasan , Hao Li , Gopi Krishnan Rajbahadur , Bram Adams , Ahmed E. Hassan

Prompt injection is listed as the number-one vulnerability class in the OWASP Top 10 for LLM Applications that can subvert LLM guardrails, disclose sensitive data, and trigger unauthorized tool use. Developers are rapidly adopting…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Charoes Huang , Xin Huang , Amin Milani Fard

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has become a common interface for connecting large language model (LLM) agents to external tools, but its reliance on stateless, eager schema injection imposes a hidden per-turn overhead the MCP Tax or Tools…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Anuj Sadani , Deepak Kumar

Agentic AI is transforming security by automating many tasks being performed manually. While initial agentic approaches employed a monolithic architecture, the Model-Context-Protocol has now enabled a remote-procedure call (RPC) paradigm to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Zachary Ezetta , Wu-chang Feng

Model Context Protocol (MCP) has recently gained increased attention within the AI community for providing a standardized way for large language models (LLMs) to interact with external tools and services, significantly enhancing their…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Zihao Ding , Mufeng Zhu , Yao Liu

Large language models are increasingly used as orchestrators of external tools via the Model Context Protocol (MCP), but MCP is built for software services with megabytes of memory and does not descend to the microcontrollers that dominate…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Dongxu Yang

Recent advances in the Model Context Protocol (MCP) have enabled large language models (LLMs) to invoke external tools with unprecedented ease. This creates a new class of powerful and tool augmented agents. Unfortunately, this capability…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Yulin Shen , Xudong Pan , Geng Hong , Min Yang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have evolved into AI agents that interact with external tools and environments to perform complex tasks. The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has become the de facto standard for connecting agents with such…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Christoph Bühler , Matteo Biagiola , Luca Di Grazia , Guido Salvaneschi

The model context protocol (MCP) standardizes how LLMs connect to external tools and data sources, enabling faster integration but introducing new attack vectors. Despite the growing adoption of MCP, existing MCP security studies classify…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Yiheng Huang , Zhijia Zhao , Bihuan Chen , Susheng Wu , Zhuotong Zhou , Yiheng Cao , Xin Hu , Xin Peng

In this work, we study security of Model Context Protocol (MCP) agent toolchains and their applications in smart homes. We introduce AegisMCP, a protocol-level intrusion detector. Our contributions are: (i) a minimal attack suite spanning…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Zhonghao Zhan , Amir Al Sadi , Krinos Li , Hamed Haddadi

Large Language Model (LLM) agents increasingly interact with external systems through tool-calling protocols such as the Model Context Protocol (MCP). In prevailing architectures, the agent must reason about every tool invocation in every…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Abhinav Singh Parmar

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has become a widely adopted interface for LLM agents to invoke external tools, yet learned monitoring of MCP tool-call traffic remains underexplored. In this article, the proposed detector is presented as an…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Sultan Zavrak

Machine learning (ML) underpins foundation models in finance, healthcare, and critical infrastructure, making them targets for data poisoning, model extraction, prompt injection, automated jailbreaking, and preference-guided black-box…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Armstrong Foundjem , Lionel Nganyewou Tidjon , Leuson Da Silva , Foutse Khomh

Large Language Models (LLMs) remain static in functionality after training, and extending their capabilities requires integration with external data, computation, and services. The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has emerged as a standard…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Enhan Li , Hongyang Du , Kaibin Huang

MCP standardizes how LLMs interact with external systems, forming the foundation for general agents. However, existing MCP benchmarks remain narrow in scope: they focus on read-heavy tasks or tasks with limited interaction depth, and fail…

Model Context Protocol (MCP) is a rapidly adopted standard for defining and invoking external tools in LLM applications. The multi-layered architecture of MCP introduces new attack surfaces such as tool poisoning, in addition to traditional…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-21 İpek Abasıkeleş Turgut , Edip Gümüş
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