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While many capabilities of language models (LMs) improve with increased training budget, the influence of scale on hallucinations is not yet fully understood. Hallucinations come in many forms, and there is no universally accepted…

Multi-modal large language models (MLLMs) have been shown to efficiently integrate natural language with visual information to handle multi-modal tasks. However, MLLMs still face a fundamental limitation of hallucinations, where they tend…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Chaoya Jiang , Haiyang Xu , Mengfan Dong , Jiaxing Chen , Wei Ye , Ming Yan , Qinghao Ye , Ji Zhang , Fei Huang , Shikun Zhang

Multilingual Large Language Models(MLLMs) demonstrate strong generalization across languages, yet they remain prone to hallucinations, especially in low-resource languages, due to training data imbalances. These hallucinations, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Weihua Zheng , Roy Ka-Wei Lee , Zhengyuan Liu , Kui Wu , AiTi Aw , Bowei Zou

The causal capabilities of large language models (LLMs) are a matter of significant debate, with critical implications for the use of LLMs in societally impactful domains such as medicine, science, law, and policy. We conduct a "behavorial"…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-21 Emre Kıcıman , Robert Ness , Amit Sharma , Chenhao Tan

Reasoning hallucinations in large language models (LLMs) often appear as fluent yet unsupported conclusions that violate either the given context or underlying factual knowledge. Although such failures are widely observed, the mechanisms by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Xinnan Dai , Kai Yang , Cheng Luo , Shenglai Zeng , Kai Guo , Jiliang Tang

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have shown impressive capabilities in multi-step reasoning tasks. However, alongside these successes, a more deceptive form of model error has emerged--Reasoning Hallucination--where logically coherent but…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Zhongxiang Sun , Qipeng Wang , Haoyu Wang , Xiao Zhang , Jun Xu

Although multimodal large language models (MLLMs) exhibit remarkable reasoning capabilities on complex multimodal understanding tasks, they still suffer from the notorious hallucination issue: generating outputs misaligned with obvious…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Wei Chen , Xin Yan , Bin Wen , Fan Yang , Tingting Gao , Di Zhang , Long Chen

Although demonstrating superb performance on various NLP tasks, large language models (LLMs) still suffer from the hallucination problem, which threatens the reliability of LLMs. To measure the level of hallucination of LLMs, previous works…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-12 Li Du , Yequan Wang , Xingrun Xing , Yiqun Ya , Xiang Li , Xin Jiang , Xuezhi Fang

The ability to perform causal reasoning is widely considered a core feature of intelligence. In this work, we investigate whether large language models (LLMs) can coherently reason about causality. Much of the existing work in natural…

Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting has shown promise in enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) by generating natural language (NL) rationales that lead to the final answer. However, it struggles with numerical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Cheryl Li , Tianyuan Xu , Yiwen Guo

Causality is essential for understanding complex systems, such as the economy, the brain, and the climate. Constructing causal graphs often relies on either data-driven or expert-driven approaches, both fraught with challenges. The former…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Kai-Hendrik Cohrs , Gherardo Varando , Emiliano Diaz , Vasileios Sitokonstantinou , Gustau Camps-Valls

While large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities across various natural language processing tasks by acquiring rich factual knowledge from their broad training data, their ability to synthesize and logically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-31 Tianshi Zheng , Jiaxin Bai , Yicheng Wang , Tianqing Fang , Yue Guo , Yauwai Yim , Yangqiu Song

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have recently achieved remarkable progress in radiology by integrating visual perception with natural language understanding. However, they often generate clinically unsupported descriptions, known…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Xi Zhang , Zaiqiao Meng , Jake Lever , Edmond S. L. Ho

Resolving the dichotomy between the human-like yet constrained reasoning processes of Cognitive Architectures and the broad but often noisy inference behavior of Large Language Models (LLMs) remains a challenging but exciting pursuit, for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Siyu Wu , Alessandro Oltramari , Jonathan Francis , C. Lee Giles , Frank E. Ritter

Equipped with Chain-of-Thought (CoT), Large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive reasoning ability in various downstream tasks. Even so, suffering from hallucinations and the inability to access external knowledge, LLMs often come…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Keheng Wang , Feiyu Duan , Sirui Wang , Peiguang Li , Yunsen Xian , Chuantao Yin , Wenge Rong , Zhang Xiong

This study addresses the critical challenge of hallucination mitigation in Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) for Visual Question Answering (VQA) tasks through a Split Conformal Prediction (SCP) framework. While LVLMs excel in multi-modal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Yuanchang Ye , Weiyan Wen

The emergence of large language models (LLMs) is a milestone in generative artificial intelligence, achieving significant success in text comprehension and generation tasks. Despite the tremendous success of LLMs in many downstream tasks,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-16 He Li , Haoang Chi , Mingyu Liu , Wenjing Yang

Chain-of-thought (CoT) traces have been shown to improve performance of large language models on a plethora of reasoning tasks, yet there is no consensus on the mechanism by which this boost is achieved. To shed more light on this, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Soumadeep Saha , Akshay Chaturvedi , Saptarshi Saha , Utpal Garain , Nicholas Asher

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable reasoning capabilities but often grapple with reliability challenges like hallucinations. While Knowledge Graphs (KGs) offer explicit grounding, existing paradigms of KG-augmented…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Yuanxiang Liu , Songze Li , Xiaoke Guo , Zhaoyan Gong , Qifei Zhang , Huajun Chen , Wen Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) frequently generate hallucinations-content that deviates from factual accuracy or provided context-posing challenges for diagnosis due to the complex interplay of underlying causes. This paper introduces a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Yiyou Sun , Yu Gai , Lijie Chen , Abhilasha Ravichander , Yejin Choi , Dawn Song