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Large language models (LLMs) utilize key-value (KV) cache to store historical information during sequence processing. The size of KV cache grows linearly as the length of the sequence extends, which seriously affects memory usage and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Yijun Liu , Yixuan Wang , Yuzhuang Xu , Shiyu Ji , Yang Xu , Qingfu Zhu , Wanxiang Che

Reinforcement learning (RL) in the real world necessitates the development of procedures that enable agents to explore without causing harm to themselves or others. The most successful solutions to the problem of safe RL leverage offline…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-09 Alexander Quessy , Thomas Richardson , Sebastian East

Most deep reinforcement learning (RL) systems are not able to learn effectively from off-policy data, especially if they cannot explore online in the environment. These are critical shortcomings for applying RL to real-world problems where…

Effective decision making involves flexibly relating past experiences and relevant contextual information to a novel situation. In deep reinforcement learning (RL), the dominant paradigm is for an agent to amortise information that helps…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-20 Peter C. Humphreys , Arthur Guez , Olivier Tieleman , Laurent Sifre , Théophane Weber , Timothy Lillicrap

The goal of an offline reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm is to learn optimal polices using historical (offline) data, without access to the environment for online exploration. One of the main challenges in offline RL is the distribution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Kishan Panaganti , Zaiyan Xu , Dileep Kalathil , Mohammad Ghavamzadeh

We investigate the usage of Large Language Model (LLM) in collecting high-quality data to warm-start Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithms for learning in some classical Markov Decision Process (MDP) environments. In this work, we focus on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Thang Duong , Minglai Yang , Chicheng Zhang

Online reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms are often difficult to deploy in complex human-facing applications as they may learn slowly and have poor early performance. To address this, we introduce a practical algorithm for incorporating…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-01-03 Tong Mu , Georgios Theocharous , David Arbour , Emma Brunskill

This position paper proposes a fresh look at Reinforcement Learning (RL) from the perspective of data-efficiency. Data-efficient RL has gone through three major stages: pure on-line RL where every data-point is considered only once, RL with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-24 Martin Riedmiller , Jost Tobias Springenberg , Roland Hafner , Nicolas Heess

AI-powered edge devices currently lack the ability to adapt their embedded inference models to the ever-changing environment. To tackle this issue, Continual Learning (CL) strategies aim at incrementally improving the decision capabilities…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-07-28 Leonardo Ravaglia , Manuele Rusci , Alessandro Capotondi , Francesco Conti , Lorenzo Pellegrini , Vincenzo Lomonaco , Davide Maltoni , Luca Benini

Expressive policies based on flow-matching have been successfully applied in reinforcement learning (RL) more recently due to their ability to model complex action distributions from offline data. These algorithms build on standard policy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Mingxuan Li , Junzhe Zhang , Elias Bareinboim

In this paper, the inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) problem is addressed to reconstruct the unknown cost function underlying an observed optimal policy in a model-free manner, whose online adaptation with completely off-policy system…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-11-20 Yibei Li , Yuexin Cao , Zhixin Liu , Lihua Xie

Edge computing faces unprecedented resource orchestration challenges from multi-dimensional heterogeneity across device architectures, diverse task requirements in CPU-intensive, GPU-intensive, I/O-intensive, and dynamic network conditions.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Jianyong Zhu , Hao Chen , Juan Zhang , Fangda Guo , Albert Y. Zomaya , Renyu Yang

Residual reinforcement learning (RL) enables stable online refinement of expressive pretrained policies by freezing the base and learning only bounded corrections. However, value learning in residual RL poses unique challenges that remain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Guozheng Ma , Lu Li , Haoyu Wang , Zixuan Liu , Pierre-Luc Bacon , Dacheng Tao

Inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) for linear systems seeks a cost function whose optimal controller reproduces an expert policy from data. Existing data-driven methods for discrete-time linear systems are largely built on iterative…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-12 Duc Cuong Nguyen , Phuong Nam Dao

This paper focuses on the critical load restoration problem in distribution systems following major outages. To provide fast online response and optimal sequential decision-making support, a reinforcement learning (RL) based approach is…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-30 Xiangyu Zhang , Abinet Tesfaye Eseye , Bernard Knueven , Weijia Liu , Matthew Reynolds , Wesley Jones

This article reviews the recent advances on the statistical foundation of reinforcement learning (RL) in the offline and low-adaptive settings. We will start by arguing why offline RL is the appropriate model for almost any real-life ML…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Ming Yin , Mengdi Wang , Yu-Xiang Wang

Pretrained imitation policies have become a strong foundation for robot manipulation, but they often require online improvement to overcome execution errors, limited dataset coverage, and deployment mismatch. A central question is therefore…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Dongjie Yu , Kun Lei , Zhennan Jiang , Jia Pan , Huazhe Xu

One of the main goals of reinforcement learning (RL) is to provide a~way for physical machines to learn optimal behavior instead of being programmed. However, effective control of the machines usually requires fine time discretization. The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Jakub Łyskawa , Paweł Wawrzyński

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) require the joint optimization of discrete cyber actions and continuous physical parameters under stringent safety logic constraints. However, existing hierarchical approaches often compromise global optimality,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Guangxi Wan , Peng Zeng , Xiaoting Dong , Chunhe Song , Shijie Cui , Dong Li , Qingwei Dong , Yiyang Liu , Hongfei Bai

Offline reinforcement learning (RL) learns policies entirely from static datasets, thereby avoiding the challenges associated with online data collection. Practical applications of offline RL will inevitably require learning from datasets…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Anikait Singh , Aviral Kumar , Quan Vuong , Yevgen Chebotar , Sergey Levine