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Forecasting models that are trained across sets of many time series, known as Global Forecasting Models (GFM), have shown recently promising results in forecasting competitions and real-world applications, outperforming many…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-07 Kasun Bandara , Hansika Hewamalage , Yuan-Hao Liu , Yanfei Kang , Christoph Bergmeir

Time series foundation models (TSFMs) are revolutionizing the forecasting landscape from specific dataset modeling to generalizable task evaluation. However, we contend that existing benchmarks exhibit common limitations in four dimensions:…

Time Series Foundation Models (TSFMs) advance generalization and data efficiency in time series forecasting by unified large-scale pretraining. But TSFMs remain lacking when adapting to specific downstream forecasting tasks for two reasons.…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-04 Siyang Li , Yize Chen , Zijie Zhu , Yuxin Pan , Yan Guo , Ming Huang , Hui Xiong

Foundation models (FMs) have transformed natural language processing, but their success has not yet translated to time series forecasting. Existing time series foundation models (TSFMs), often based on transformer variants, struggle with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Lars Graf , Thomas Ortner , Stanisław Woźniak , Angeliki Pantazi

Time Series Forecasting (TSF) is key functionality in numerous fields, such as financial investment, weather services, and energy management. Although increasingly capable TSF methods occur, many of them require domain-specific data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Zhe Li , Xiangfei Qiu , Peng Chen , Yihang Wang , Hanyin Cheng , Yang Shu , Jilin Hu , Chenjuan Guo , Aoying Zhou , Christian S. Jensen , Bin Yang

Time series foundation models (TSFMs) offer strong zero-shot forecasting via large-scale pre-training, yet fine-tuning remains critical for boosting performance in domains with limited public data. With the growing number of TSFMs,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Qingren Yao , Ming Jin , Chengqi Zhang , Chao-Han Huck Yang , Jun Qi , Shirui Pan

Effective resource allocation in higher education depends on reliable enrolment forecasts, yet institutional planners frequently face data series disrupted by structural shifts. This paper investigates whether zero-shot Time Series…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Jittarin Jetwiriyanon , Teo Susnjak , Surangika Ranathunga

Building energy management (BEM) tasks require processing and learning from a variety of time-series data. Existing solutions rely on bespoke task- and data-specific models to perform these tasks, limiting their broader applicability.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Ozan Baris Mulayim , Pengrui Quan , Liying Han , Xiaomin Ouyang , Dezhi Hong , Mario Bergés , Mani Srivastava

Crowd and flow predictions have been extensively studied in mobility data science. Traditional forecasting methods have relied on statistical models such as ARIMA, later supplemented by deep learning approaches like ST-ResNet. More…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Anita Graser

Accurate network-traffic forecasting enables proactive capacity planning and anomaly detection in Internet Service Provider (ISP) networks. Recent advances in time-series foundation models (TSFMs) have demonstrated strong zero-shot and…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Fan Liu , Behrooz Farkiani , Patrick Crowley

Multi-task and few-shot time series forecasting tasks are commonly encountered in scenarios such as the launch of new products in different cities. However, traditional time series forecasting methods suffer from insufficient historical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Pengpeng Ouyang , Dong Chen , Tong Yang , Shuo Feng , Zhao Jin , Mingliang Xu

As global energy systems transit to clean energy, accurate renewable generation and renewable demand forecasting is imperative for effective grid management. Foundation Models (FMs) can help improve forecasting of renewable generation and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-01 Md Meftahul Ferdaus , Tanmoy Dam , Md Rasel Sarkar , Moslem Uddin , Sreenatha G. Anavatti

Time-series forecasting models (TSFM) have evolved from classical statistical methods to sophisticated foundation models, yet understanding why and when these models succeed or fail remains challenging. Despite this known limitation, time…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Michael Widener , Kausik Lakkaraju , John Aydin , Biplav Srivastava

Reliable subnational population estimates are essential for applications, yet remain difficult where censuses are sparse, outdated or spatially coarse. Existing population-mapping workflows rely on hand-built geospatial covariates, such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Wenbin Zhang , Eimear Cleary , Francisco Rowe , Somnath Chaudhuri , Maksym Bondarenko , Shengjie Lai , Andrew J. Tatem

Time series forecasting is essential for operational intelligence in the hospitality industry, and particularly challenging in large-scale, distributed systems. This study evaluates the performance of statistical, machine learning (ML),…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Issar Arab , Rodrigo Benitez

Large models have shown unprecedented capabilities in natural language processing, image generation, and most recently, time series forecasting. This leads us to ask the question: treating market prices as a time series, can large models be…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2024-12-16 Xinghong Fu , Masanori Hirano , Kentaro Imajo

Latent force models (LFM) are principled approaches to incorporating solutions to differential equations within non-parametric inference methods. Unfortunately, the development and application of LFMs can be inhibited by their computational…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2014-05-30 Steven Reece , Stephen Roberts , Siddhartha Ghosh , Alex Rogers , Nicholas Jennings

Time series foundation models have recently gained a lot of attention due to their ability to model complex time series data encompassing different domains including traffic, energy, and weather. Although they exhibit strong average…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Shivani Tomar , Seshu Tirupathi , Elizabeth Daly , Ivana Dusparic

Advances in time-series forecasting are driving a shift from conventional machine learning models to foundation models (FMs) that are trained with generalized knowledge. However, existing FMs still perform poorly in the energy fields, such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Rui Liang , Yang Deng , Donghua Xie , Fang He , Dan Wang

Time series foundation models (TSFMs) have recently achieved remarkable success in universal forecasting by leveraging large-scale pretraining on diverse time series data. Complementing this progress, incorporating frequency-domain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Shunyu Wu , Jiawei Huang , Weibin Feng , Boxin Li , Xiao Zhang , Erli Meng , Dan Li , Jian Lou , See-Kiong Ng