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Physics-informed Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (PIKANs), and in particular their Chebyshev-based variants (cPIKANs), have recently emerged as promising models for solving partial differential equations (PDEs). However, their training dynamics…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Salah A. Faroughi , Farinaz Mostajeran

The performance of the data-dependent neural tangent kernel (NTK; Jacot et al. (2018)) associated with a trained deep neural network (DNN) often matches or exceeds that of the full network. This implies that DNN training via gradient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Johannes Schwab , Bryan Kelly , Semyon Malamud , Teng Andrea Xu

Fisher information matrices and neural tangent kernels (NTK) for 2-layer ReLU networks with random hidden weight are argued. We discuss the relation between both notions as a linear transformation and show that spectral decomposition of NTK…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Jun'ichi Takeuchi , Yoshinari Takeishi , Noboru Murata , Kazushi Mimura , Ka Long Keith Ho , Hiroshi Nagaoka

Are neural networks biased toward simple functions? Does depth always help learn more complex features? Is training the last layer of a network as good as training all layers? How to set the range for learning rate tuning? These questions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-10 Greg Yang , Hadi Salman

In the era of large language models (LLMs), fine-tuning pretrained models has become ubiquitous. Yet the theoretical underpinning remains an open question. A central question is why only a few epochs of fine-tuning are typically sufficient…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-17 Zexuan Sun , Garvesh Raskutti

There is a recent and growing literature on large-width asymptotic properties of Gaussian neural networks (NNs), namely NNs whose weights are initialized as Gaussian distributions. Two popular problems are: i) the study of the large-width…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-05 Stefano Favaro , Sandra Fortini , Stefano Peluchetti

This work bridges two important concepts: the Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK), which captures the evolution of deep neural networks (DNNs) during training, and the Neural Collapse (NC) phenomenon, which refers to the emergence of symmetry and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Mariia Seleznova , Dana Weitzner , Raja Giryes , Gitta Kutyniok , Hung-Hsu Chou

Operator learning techniques have recently emerged as a powerful tool for learning maps between infinite-dimensional Banach spaces. Trained under appropriate constraints, they can also be effective in learning the solution operator of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-13 Sifan Wang , Hanwen Wang , Paris Perdikaris

In this paper, we study the neural tangent kernel (NTK) for general partial differential equations (PDEs) based on physics-informed neural networks (PINNs). As we all know, the training of an artificial neural network can be converted to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-12-10 Zijian Zhou , Zhenya Yan

Recent research shows that for training with $\ell_2$ loss, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) whose width (number of channels in convolutional layers) goes to infinity correspond to regression with respect to the CNN Gaussian Process…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-05 Zhiyuan Li , Ruosong Wang , Dingli Yu , Simon S. Du , Wei Hu , Ruslan Salakhutdinov , Sanjeev Arora

Transformers have become the dominant architecture in modern machine learning, yet the theoretical understanding of their training dynamics remains limited. This paper develops a rigorous mathematical framework for analyzing gradient-based…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-19 Raphaël Barboni , Maarten V. de Hoop , Takashi Furuya , Gabriel Peyré

We study the eigenvalue distributions of the Conjugate Kernel and Neural Tangent Kernel associated to multi-layer feedforward neural networks. In an asymptotic regime where network width is increasing linearly in sample size, under random…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-10-13 Zhou Fan , Zhichao Wang

Larger and deeper networks generalise well despite their increased capacity to overfit. Understanding why this happens is theoretically and practically important. One recent approach looks at the infinitely wide limits of such networks and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Adrian Goldwaser , Hong Ge

We study infinite limits of neural network quantum states ($\infty$-NNQS), which exhibit representation power through ensemble statistics, and also tractable gradient descent dynamics. Ensemble averages of Renyi entropies are expressed in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-29 Di Luo , James Halverson

We analyze the convergence of the averaged stochastic gradient descent for overparameterized two-layer neural networks for regression problems. It was recently found that a neural tangent kernel (NTK) plays an important role in showing the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-06-14 Atsushi Nitanda , Taiji Suzuki

We propose an efficient classical algorithm to estimate the Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK) associated with a broad class of quantum neural networks. These networks consist of arbitrary unitary operators belonging to the Clifford group…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-22 Anderson Melchor Hernandez , Davide Pastorello , Giacomo De Palma

We analyze the generalization properties of two-layer neural networks in the neural tangent kernel (NTK) regime, trained with gradient descent (GD). For early stopped GD we derive fast rates of convergence that are known to be minimax…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-09-18 Mike Nguyen , Nicole Mücke

A theory of neural networks (NNs) built upon collective variables would provide scientists with the tools to better understand the learning process at every stage. In this work, we introduce two such variables, the entropy and the trace of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-03 Samuel Tovey , Sven Krippendorf , Konstantin Nikolaou , Christian Holm

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) are demonstrating remarkable promise in integrating physical models with gappy and noisy observational data, but they still struggle in cases where the target functions to be approximated exhibit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-16 Sifan Wang , Hanwen Wang , Paris Perdikaris

We present a novel approach for completing and reconstructing 3D shapes from incomplete scanned data by using deep neural networks. Rather than being trained on supervised completion tasks and applied on a testing shape, the network is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-04-20 Lei Chu , Hao Pan , Wenping Wang