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Modern learning algorithms excel at producing accurate but complex models of the data. However, deploying such models in the real-world requires extra care: we must ensure their reliability, robustness, and absence of undesired biases. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-10 Maruan Al-Shedivat , Avinava Dubey , Eric P. Xing

Post-hoc explanation methods provide interpretation by attributing predictions to input features. Natural explanations are expected to interpret how the inputs lead to the predictions. Thus, a fundamental question arises: Do these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Zhen Tan , Song Wang , Yifan Li , Yu Kong , Jundong Li , Tianlong Chen , Huan Liu

In many applications, it is important to be able to explain the decisions of machine learning systems. An increasingly popular approach has been to seek to provide \emph{counterfactual instance explanations}. These specify close possible…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-09-22 Adam White , Artur d'Avila Garcez

Post-hoc interpretability methods play a critical role in explainable artificial intelligence (XAI), as they pinpoint portions of data that a trained deep learning model deemed important to make a decision. However, different post-hoc…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Jiawen Wei , Hugues Turbé , Gianmarco Mengaldo

Recent work on interpretability in machine learning and AI has focused on the building of simplified models that approximate the true criteria used to make decisions. These models are a useful pedagogical device for teaching trained…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-11-06 Brent Mittelstadt , Chris Russell , Sandra Wachter

In this article, we present a leap-forward expansion to the study of explainability in neural networks by considering explanations as answers to abstract reasoning-based questions. With $P$ as the prediction from a neural network, these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-25 Ghassan AlRegib , Mohit Prabhushankar

Machine learning algorithms are being used in high-stakes decisions, including those in criminal justice, healthcare, credit, and employment. The research community has responded with two largely independent research fields:…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Gideon Popoola , John Sheppard

Automated decision-making systems are becoming increasingly ubiquitous, which creates an immediate need for their interpretability and explainability. However, it remains unclear whether users know what insights an explanation offers and,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Yueqing Xuan , Edward Small , Kacper Sokol , Danula Hettiachchi , Mark Sanderson

Ante-hoc interpretability has become the holy grail of explainable artificial intelligence for high-stakes domains such as healthcare; however, this notion is elusive, lacks a widely-accepted definition and depends on the operational…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-11 Kacper Sokol , Julia E. Vogt

As various post hoc explanation methods are increasingly being leveraged to explain complex models in high-stakes settings, it becomes critical to develop a deeper understanding of whether and when the explanations output by these methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Satyapriya Krishna , Tessa Han , Alex Gu , Steven Wu , Shahin Jabbari , Himabindu Lakkaraju

Recently, in eXplainable AI (XAI), $\textit{even if}$ explanations -- so-called semi-factuals -- have emerged as a popular strategy that explains how a predicted outcome $\textit{can remain the same}$ even when certain input-features are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Saugat Aryal , Mark T. Keane

Post-hoc explanation methods are widely used to interpret black-box predictions, but their generation is often computationally expensive and their reliability is not guaranteed. We propose epistemic uncertainty as a low-cost proxy for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Georgii Mikriukov , Grégoire Montavon , Marina M. -C. Höhne

Experimental user studies evaluating the effectiveness of different subtypes of post-hoc explanations for black-box models are largely nonexistent. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate and evaluate how different types of…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Tabea E. Röber , Paul Festor , Rob Goedhart , S. İlker Birbil , Aldo Faisal

Very few eXplainable AI (XAI) studies consider how users understanding of explanations might change depending on whether they know more or less about the to be explained domain (i.e., whether they differ in their expertise). Yet, expertise…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-12-20 Courtney Ford , Mark T Keane

Machines are being increasingly used in decision-making processes, resulting in the realization that decisions need explanations. Unfortunately, an increasing number of these deployed models are of a 'black-box' nature where the reasoning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Sopam Dasgupta

Explainability in AI is gaining attention in the computer science community in response to the increasing success of deep learning and the important need of justifying how such systems make predictions in life-critical applications. The…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-03-03 David Tuckey , Alessandra Russo , Krysia Broda

The generation of comprehensible explanations is an essential feature of modern artificial intelligence systems. In this work, we consider probabilistic logic programming, an extension of logic programming which can be useful to model…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-17 Germán Vidal

Explainable AI (XAI) has been proposed as a valuable tool to assist in downstream tasks involving human and AI collaboration. Perhaps the most psychologically valid XAI techniques are case based approaches which display 'whole' exemplars to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Eoin Kenny , Eoin Delaney , Mark Keane

Predictive models are omnipresent in automated and assisted decision making scenarios. But for the most part they are used as black boxes which output a prediction without understanding partially or even completely how different features…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2018-07-02 Jaspreet Singh , Avishek Anand

Understanding the behavior of learned classifiers is an important task, and various black-box explanations, logical reasoning approaches, and model-specific methods have been proposed. In this paper, we introduce probabilistic sufficient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-24 Eric Wang , Pasha Khosravi , Guy Van den Broeck