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In recent years, self-supervised learning (SSL) models have produced promising results in a variety of speech-processing tasks, especially in contexts of data scarcity. In this paper, we study the use of SSL models for the task of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Jazmin Vidal , Pablo Riera , Luciana Ferrer

Integrating front-end speech enhancement (SE) models with self-supervised learning (SSL)-based speech models is effective for downstream tasks in noisy conditions. SE models are commonly fine-tuned using SSL representations with mean…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Amit Meghanani , Thomas Hain

Speech tokenization serves as the foundation of speech language model (LM), enabling them to perform various tasks such as spoken language modeling, text-to-speech, speech-to-text, etc. Most speech tokenizers are trained independently of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Arnon Turetzky , Yossi Adi

The fusion of speech and language in the era of large language models has garnered significant attention. Discrete speech token is often utilized in text-to-speech tasks for speech compression and portability, which is convenient for joint…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Yixing Li , Ruobing Xie , Xingwu Sun , Yu Cheng , Zhanhui Kang

Self-supervised representation learning for speech often involves a quantization step that transforms the acoustic input into discrete units. However, it remains unclear how to characterize the relationship between these discrete units and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Badr M. Abdullah , Mohammed Maqsood Shaik , Bernd Möbius , Dietrich Klakow

Recently, there has been a growing interest in text-to-speech (TTS) methods that can be trained with minimal supervision by combining two types of discrete speech representations and using two sequence-to-sequence tasks to decouple TTS.…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Chunyu Qiang , Hao Li , Hao Ni , He Qu , Ruibo Fu , Tao Wang , Longbiao Wang , Jianwu Dang

In the realm of self-supervised learning (SSL), masked image modeling (MIM) has gained popularity alongside contrastive learning methods. MIM involves reconstructing masked regions of input images using their unmasked portions. A notable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-15 Tianqi Du , Yifei Wang , Yisen Wang

Speech synthesis quality prediction has made remarkable progress with the development of supervised and self-supervised learning (SSL) MOS predictors but some aspects related to the data are still unclear and require further study. In this…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-11-27 Alessandro Ragano , Emmanouil Benetos , Michael Chinen , Helard B. Martinez , Chandan K. A. Reddy , Jan Skoglund , Andrew Hines

Recently, end-to-end multi-speaker text-to-speech (TTS) systems gain success in the situation where a lot of high-quality speech plus their corresponding transcriptions are available. However, laborious paired data collection processes…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-08-05 Tao Tu , Yuan-Jui Chen , Alexander H. Liu , Hung-yi Lee

In speech processing pipelines, improving the quality and intelligibility of real-world recordings is crucial. While supervised regression is the primary method for speech enhancement, audio tokenization is emerging as a promising…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Luca Della Libera , Cem Subakan , Mirco Ravanelli

Token representation strategies within large-scale neural architectures often rely on contextually refined embeddings, yet conventional approaches seldom encode structured relationships explicitly within token interactions. Self-attention…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-27 James Blades , Frederick Somerfield , William Langley , Susan Everingham , Maurice Witherington

Deep learning has made revolutionary advances to diverse applications in the presence of large-scale labeled datasets. However, it is prohibitively time-costly and labor-expensive to collect sufficient labeled data in most realistic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-22 Ximei Wang , Jinghan Gao , Mingsheng Long , Jianmin Wang

Self-supervised learning (SSL) has shown tremendous success in various speech-related downstream tasks, including Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR). The output embeddings of the SSL model are treated as powerful short-time representations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-10 Arunkumar A , Umesh S

Self-supervised learning (SSL) methods via joint embedding architectures have proven remarkably effective at capturing semantically rich representations with strong clustering properties, magically in the absence of label supervision.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Xi Weng , Jianing An , Xudong Ma , Binhang Qi , Jie Luo , Xi Yang , Jin Song Dong , Lei Huang

Self-supervised learning (SSL) can be used to solve complex visual tasks without human labels. Self-supervised representations encode useful semantic information about images, and as a result, they have already been used for tasks such as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-27 Paul Engstler , Luke Melas-Kyriazi , Christian Rupprecht , Iro Laina

With the rapid progress of speech language models (SLMs), discrete speech tokens have emerged as a core interface between speech and text, enabling unified modeling across modalities. Recent speech tokenization approaches aim to isolate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Daejin Jo , Jeeyoung Yun , Byungseok Roh , Sungwoong Kim

The excellent generalization ability of self-supervised learning (SSL) for speech foundation models has garnered significant attention. HuBERT is a successful example that utilizes offline clustering to convert speech features into discrete…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Ziyang Ma , Zhisheng Zheng , Guanrou Yang , Yu Wang , Chao Zhang , Xie Chen

Much progress has been made in semi-supervised learning (SSL) by combining methods that exploit different aspects of the data distribution, e.g. consistency regularisation relies on properties of $p(x)$, whereas entropy minimisation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-01 Carl Allen , Ivana Balažević , Timothy Hospedales

Speech representation learning plays a vital role in speech processing. Among them, self-supervised learning (SSL) has become an important research direction. It has been shown that an SSL pretraining model can achieve excellent performance…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-10-20 Yi-Chen Chen , Shu-wen Yang , Cheng-Kuang Lee , Simon See , Hung-yi Lee

Subword tokenization introduces a computational layer in language models where many distinct token sequences decode to the same surface form and preserve meaning, yet induce different internal computations. Despite this non-uniqueness,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Adrian Cosma , Stefan Ruseti , Emilian Radoi , Mihai Dascalu