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We present a detailed simulation and design framework for realizing traveling wave parametric amplifiers (TWPAs) using the nonlinear kinetic inductance of disordered superconductors -- in our case niobium-titanium-nitride (NbTiN). These…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-11 L. Howe , A. Giachero , M. Vissers , P. Campana , J. Wheeler , J. Gao , J. Austermann , J. Hubmayr , A. Nucciotti , J. Ullom

High-fidelity qubit measurement is a critical element of all quantum computing architectures. In superconducting systems, qubits are typically measured by probing a readout resonator with a weak microwave tone that must be amplified before…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-16 M. Malnou , B. T. Miller , J. A. Estrada , K. Genter , K. Cicak , J. D. Teufel , J. Aumentado , F. Lecocq

Amplifiers are crucial in every experiment carrying out a very sensitive measurement. However, they always degrade the information by adding noise. Quantum mechanics puts a limit on how small this degradation can be. Theoretically, the…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2009-10-22 N. Bergeal , R. Vijay , V. E. Manucharyan , I. Siddiqi , R. J. Schoelkopf , S. M. Girvin , M. H. Devoret

We present a new quantum-limited Josephson-junction-based 3-wave-mixing parametric amplifier, the SNAIL Parametric Amplifier (SPA), which uses an array of SNAILs (Superconducting Nonlinear Asymmetric Inductive eLements) as the source of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-12-21 N. E. Frattini , V. V. Sivak , A. Lingenfelter , S. Shankar , M. H. Devoret

We propose and demonstrate a new read-out technique for a superconducting qubit by dispersively coupling it to a Josephson parametric oscillator. We employ a tunable quarter-wavelength superconducting resonator and modulate its resonant…

Parametric amplifiers have become a workhorse in superconducting quantum computing, however research and development of these devices has been hampered by inconsistent, and sometimes misleading noise performance characterization…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-25 M. Malnou , T. F. Q. Larson , J. D. Teufel , F. Lecocq , J. Aumentado

Most microwave readout architectures in quantum computing or sensing rely on a semiconductor amplifier at 4 K, typically a high-electron mobility transistor (HEMT). Despite its remarkable noise performance, a conventional HEMT dissipates…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-18 M. Malnou , J. Aumentado , M. R. Vissers , J. D. Wheeler , J. Hubmayr , J. N. Ullom , J. Gao

Superconducting traveling-wave parametric amplifiers (TWPAs) are essential elements for enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and thus the read-out fidelity of superconducting qubits because of their high gain and near quantum-limited…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-13 Daryoush Shiri , Likai Yang , Saesun Kim , Mohamed A. Hassan , Philip Krantz , Eric T. Holland

We demonstrate a 3-port Josephson parametric circulator, matched to 50 Ohm using second order Chebyshev networks. The device notably operates with two of its signal ports at the same frequency and uses only two out-of-phase pumps at a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-31 Randy Kwende , Theodore White , Ofer Naaman

Microwave parametric amplifiers based on Josephson junctions have become a key component of many quantum information experiments. One key limitation which has not been well predicted by theory is the gain saturation behavior which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-12-06 G. Liu , T. -C. Chien , X. Cao , O. Lanes , E. Alpern , D. Pekker , M. Hatridge

We present the design and experimental characterization of a kinetic-inductance traveling-wave parametric amplifier (KI-TWPA) for sub-GHz frequencies. KI-TWPAs amplify signals through nonlinear mixing processes supported by the nonlinear…

A crucial limit to measurement efficiencies of superconducting circuits comes from losses involved when coupling to an external quantum amplifier. Here, we realize a device circumventing this problem by directly embedding a two-level…

Obstacles to the two-line Josephson traveling wave parametric amplifier (JTWPA) designs, aimed at increasing the allowed pump wave energy and, hence, the gain growth through the combination of linear and nonlinear lines as pump and signal…

Superconductivity · Physics 2025-01-29 Victor K. Kornev , Alena N. Nikolaeva , Nikolay V. Kolotinskiy

We have performed a quantum mechanical analysis of travelling-wave parametric amplifiers (TWPAs) in order to investigate five experimental phenomena related to their operations, namely the effect of impedance mismatch, the presence of upper…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2021-06-29 Songyuan Zhao , Stafford Withington

We have studied nonlinear superconducting resonators: lambda/2 coplanar-waveguide (CPW) resonators with Josephson junctions (JJs) placed in the middle and lambda/4 CPW resonators terminated by JJs, which can be used for the qubit readout as…

Superconductivity · Physics 2009-11-24 Michio Watanabe , Kunihiro Inomata , Tsuyoshi Yamamoto , Jaw-Shen Tsai

Superconducting parametric amplifiers have great promise for quantum-limited readout of superconducting qubits and detectors. Until recently, most superconducting parametric amplifiers had been based on resonant structures, limiting their…

Superconductivity · Physics 2015-01-13 Saptarshi Chaudhuri , Jiansong Gao , Kent Irwin

High-gain amplifiers of electromagnetic signals operating near the quantum limit are crucial for quantum information systems and ultrasensitive quantum measurements. However, the existing techniques have a limited gain-bandwidth product and…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2016-11-01 C. F. Ockeloen-Korppi , E. Damskägg , J. -M. Pirkkalainen , T. T. Heikkilä , F. Massel , M. A. Sillanpää

We extend the theory for a Josephson junction travelling wave parametric amplifier (TWPA) operating in the three-wave mixing regime and we propose a scheme for achieving high gain. The continuous three-mode model [P. K. Tien, J. Appl. Phys.…

We developed and experimentally tested a Symmetric Traveling Wave Parametric Amplifier (STWPA) based on Three-Wave Mixing, using the new concept of a Symmetric rf- SQUID. This allows to fully control the second and third order…

Applied Physics · Physics 2019-04-23 Alessandro Miano , Oleg A. Mukhanov

The ability to perform high-fidelity quantum nondemolition qubit readout is pivotal for the realization of large and powerful quantum computers. Such readout of superconducting qubits is generally enabled by amplifying the weak dispersive…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-18 Baleegh Abdo , William Shanks , Oblesh Jinka , J. R. Rozen