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While inorganic retrosynthesis planning is essential in the field of chemical science, the application of machine learning in this area has been notably less explored compared to organic retrosynthesis planning. In this paper, we propose…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Heewoong Noh , Namkyeong Lee , Gyoung S. Na , Chanyoung Park

Retrosynthesis, which predicts the reactants of a given target molecule, is an essential task for drug discovery. In recent years, the machine learing based retrosynthesis methods have achieved promising results. In this work, we introduce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-08 Shufang Xie , Rui Yan , Junliang Guo , Yingce Xia , Lijun Wu , Tao Qin

Retrosynthesis -- the process of identifying a set of reactants to synthesize a target molecule -- is of vital importance to material design and drug discovery. Existing machine learning approaches based on language models and graph neural…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2021-12-10 Ruoxi Sun , Hanjun Dai , Li Li , Steven Kearnes , Bo Dai

We describe a fully data driven model that learns to perform a retrosynthetic reaction prediction task, which is treated as a sequence-to-sequence mapping problem. The end-to-end trained model has an encoder-decoder architecture that…

Retrosynthesis, of which the goal is to find a set of reactants for synthesizing a target product, is an emerging research area of deep learning. While the existing approaches have shown promising results, they currently lack the ability to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-04 Hankook Lee , Sungsoo Ahn , Seung-Woo Seo , You Young Song , Eunho Yang , Sung-Ju Hwang , Jinwoo Shin

Expert-level scientific reasoning remains challenging for large language models, particularly on benchmarks such as Humanity's Last Exam (HLE), where rigid tool pipelines, brittle multi-agent coordination, and inefficient test-time scaling…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Zhentao Tang , Yuqi Cui , Shixiong Kai , Wenqian Zhao , Ke Ye , Xing Li , Anxin Tian , Zehua Pei , Hui-Ling Zhen , Shoubo Hu , Xiaoguang Li , Yunhe Wang , Mingxuan Yuan

Retrosynthesis analysis is pivotal yet challenging in drug discovery and organic chemistry. Despite the proliferation of computational tools over the past decade, AI-based systems often fall short in generalizing across diverse reaction…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-21 Yifei Yang , Runhan Shi , Zuchao Li , Shu Jiang , Bao-Liang Lu , Yang Yang , Hai Zhao

Artificial intelligence, particularly through recent advancements in deep learning, has achieved exceptional performances in many tasks in fields such as natural language processing and computer vision. In addition to desirable evaluation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-04 Sean Xie , Soroush Vosoughi , Saeed Hassanpour

Large language models (LLM) have achieved impressive progress across a broad range of general-purpose tasks, but their effectiveness in chemistry remains limited due to scarce domain-specific datasets and the demand for precise symbolic and…

Leveraging artificial intelligence for automatic retrosynthesis speeds up organic pathway planning in digital laboratories. However, existing deep learning approaches are unexplainable, like "black box" with few insights, notably limiting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Yu Wang , Chao Pang , Yuzhe Wang , Yi Jiang , Junru Jin , Sirui Liang , Quan Zou , Leyi Wei

Identifying reliable synthesis pathways in materials chemistry is a complex task, particularly in polymer science, due to the intricate and often non-unique nomenclature of macromolecules. To address this challenge, we propose an agent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Qinyu Ma , Yuhao Zhou , Jianfeng Li

Retrosynthesis is the process of determining the set of reactant molecules that can react to form a desired product. Semi-template-based retrosynthesis methods, which imitate the reverse logic of synthesis reactions, first predict the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Frazier N. Baker , Ziqi Chen , Daniel Adu-Ampratwum , Xia Ning

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable potential in scientific domains like retrosynthesis; yet, they often lack the fine-grained control necessary to navigate complex problem spaces without error. A critical challenge is…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2026-02-17 Shreyas Vinaya Sathyanarayana , Shah Rahil Kirankumar , Sharanabasava D. Hiremath , Bharath Ramsundar

Retrosynthesis is the task of planning a series of chemical reactions to create a desired molecule from simpler, buyable molecules. While previous works have proposed algorithms to find optimal solutions for a range of metrics (e.g.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Austin Tripp , Krzysztof Maziarz , Sarah Lewis , Marwin Segler , José Miguel Hernández-Lobato

Large language models (LLMs) are beginning to reshape how chemists plan and run reactions in organic synthesis. Trained on millions of reported transformations, these text-based models can propose synthetic routes, forecast reaction…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Kartar Kumar Lohana Tharwani , Rajesh Kumar , Sumita , Numan Ahmed , Yong Tang

Retrosynthesis is the task of breaking down a chemical compound recursively step-by-step into molecular precursors until a set of commercially available molecules is found. Consequently, the goal is to provide a valid synthesis route for a…

Process Outcome Prediction entails predicting a discrete property of an unfinished process instance from its partial trace. High-capacity outcome predictors discovered with ensemble and deep learning methods have been shown to achieve top…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Francesco Folino , Luigi Pontieri , Pietro Sabatino

Machine learning solutions for pattern classification problems are nowadays widely deployed in society and industry. However, the lack of transparency and accountability of most accurate models often hinders their safe use. Thus, there is a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-24 Gonzalo Nápoles , Yamisleydi Salgueiro , Isel Grau , Maikel Leon Espinosa

We propose a new model for making generalizable and diverse retrosynthetic reaction predictions. Given a target compound, the task is to predict the likely chemical reactants to produce the target. This generative task can be framed as a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-23 Benson Chen , Tianxiao Shen , Tommi S. Jaakkola , Regina Barzilay

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated substantial capabilities in enhancing communication and coordination in multi-robot systems. However, existing methods often struggle to achieve efficient collaboration…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Jiazhao Liang , Hao Huang , Yu Hao , Geeta Chandra Raju Bethala , Congcong Wen , John-Ross Rizzo , Yi Fang