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In this paper, we consider quantum key distribution (QKD) in a quantum network with both quantum repeaters and a small number of trusted nodes. In contrast to current QKD networks with only trusted nodes and the true Quantum Internet with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-07 Omar Amer , Walter O. Krawec , Victoria U. Manfredi , Bing Wang

Mobile devices have become an inseparable part of our everyday life. They are used to transmit an ever-increasing amount of sensitive health, financial and personal information. This exposes us to the growing scale and sophistication of…

The advancement of quantum computing threatens classical cryptographic methods, necessitating the development of secure quantum key distribution (QKD) solutions for QKD Networks (QKDN). In this paper, a novel key distribution protocol,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Pedro Otero-García , David Pérez-Castro , Manuel Fernández-Veiga , Ana Fernández-Vilas

Quantum key distribution (QKD) network has recently attracted growing attentions. Due to the special characteristics of quantum information, to build a full-connectivity QKD network without trusted relays is a stimulating challenge. In this…

We demonstrate quantum key distribution (QKD) with bidirectional 10 Gb/s classical data channels in a single fiber using dense wavelength division multiplexing. Record secure key rates of 2.38 Mbps and fiber distances up to 70 km are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-02-10 K. A. Patel , J. F. Dynes , M. Lucamarini , I. Choi , A. W. Sharpe , Z. L. Yuan , R. V. Penty , A. J. Shields

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a technology that allows secure key exchange between two distant users. A widespread adoption of QKD requires the development of simple, low-cost, and stable systems. However, implementation of the current…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-05-12 Di Ma , Xin Liu , Chunfeng Huang , Huasheng Chen , Huanbin Lin , Kejin Wei

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a cutting-edge communication method that enables secure communication between two parties. Continuous-variable QKD (CV-QKD) is a promising approach to QKD that has several advantages over traditional…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-26 Andres Ruiz-Chamorro , Daniel Cano , Aida Garcia-Callejo , Veronica Fernandez

Quantum key distribution (QKD) can be used to generate secret keys between two distant parties. Even though QKD has been proven unconditionally secure against eavesdroppers with unlimited computation power, practical implementations of QKD…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-07-13 Chi-Hang Fred Fung , Bing Qi , Kiyoshi Tamaki , Hoi-Kwong Lo

Quantum key distribution (QKD) provides an attractive means for securing communications in optical fibre networks. However, deployment of the technology has been hampered by the frequent need for dedicated dark fibres to segregate the very…

Quantum key distribution (QKD) based on the laws of quantum physics allows the secure distribution of secret keys over an insecure channel. Unfortunately, imperfect implementations of QKD compromise its information-theoretical security.…

Virtual power plants (VPPs) are becoming a cornerstone of future grids, aggregating distributed PV, wind, storage, and flexible loads for market participation and real-time balancing. As operations move to minute-- and second--level…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Ziqing Zhu

Quantum key distribution (QKD) allows two distant parties to share encryption keys with security based on physical laws. Experimentally, it has been implemented with optical means, achieving key rates of 1.26 Megabit/s over 50 kilometres…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-11-19 Marco Lucamarini , Zhiliang Yuan , James F. Dynes , Andrew J. Shields

Quantum Key Distribution~(QKD) is a technology that enables the exchange of private encryption keys between two legitimate parties, using protocols that involve quantum mechanics principles. The rate at which secret keys can be exchanged…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-07-19 Milo Grillo , Alexis A. Dowhuszko , Mohammad-Ali Khalighi , Jyri Hämäläinen

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a secure communication method that utilizes the principles of quantum mechanics to establish secret keys. The central task in the study of QKD is to prove security in the presence of an eavesdropper with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-14 Sirui Peng , Xiaoming Sun , Hongyi Zhou

Quantum key distribution (QKD) enables unconditionally secure communication ensured by the laws of physics, opening a promising route to security infrastructure for the coming age of quantum computers. QKD's demonstrated secret-key rates…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-12-15 Zheshen Zhang , Changchen Chen , Quntao Zhuang , Franco N. C. Wong , Jeffrey H. Shapiro

Quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols are proven secure based on fundamental physical laws, however, the proofs consider a well-defined setting and encoding of the sent quantum signals only. Side channels, where the encoded quantum state…

Quantum Key Distribution has become a mature quantum technology that has outgrown dedicated links and is ready to be incorporated into the classical infrastructure. In this scenario with multiple potential nodes, it is crucial having…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-20 Lidia Ruiz , Juan Carlos Garcia-Escartin

Quantum key distribution (QKD) has emerged as a critical component of secure communication in the quantum era, ensuring information-theoretic security. Despite its potential, there are issues in optimizing key generation rates, enhancing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-04 Bikash K. Behera , Saif Al-Kuwari , Ahmed Farouk

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a key application in quantum communication, enabling secure key exchange between parties using quantum states. Twin-field (TF) QKD offers a promising solution that surpasses the repeaterless limits, and its…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-28 Chunfeng Huang , Rui Guan , Xin Liu , Wenjie He , Shizhuo Li , Hao Liang , Ziyang Luo , Zhenrong Zhang , Wei Li , Kejin Wei

Quantum computing poses significant threats to conventional cryptographic techniques such as RSA and AES, motivating the need for quantum secure communication methods. Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) offers information theoretic security…