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Fine-tuning unlocks large language models (LLMs) for specialized applications, but its high computational cost often puts it out of reach for resource-constrained organizations. While cloud platforms could provide the needed resources, data…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Zihan Liu , Yizhen Wang , Rui Wang , Xiu Tang , Sai Wu

Split learning enables collaborative deep learning model training while preserving data privacy and model security by avoiding direct sharing of raw data and model details (i.e., sever and clients only hold partial sub-networks and exchange…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-19 Mingyuan Fan , Cen Chen , Chengyu Wang , Wenmeng Zhou , Jun Huang

In the distributed collaborative machine learning (DCML) paradigm, federated learning (FL) recently attracted much attention due to its applications in health, finance, and the latest innovations such as industry 4.0 and smart vehicles. FL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-01 Chandra Thapa , M. A. P. Chamikara , Seyit A. Camtepe

Federated learning (FL) allows a server to learn a machine learning (ML) model across multiple decentralized clients that privately store their own training data. In contrast with centralized ML approaches, FL saves computation to the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-12-15 Alberto Blanco-Justicia , Josep Domingo-Ferrer , Sergio Martínez , David Sánchez , Adrian Flanagan , Kuan Eeik Tan

Split learning (SL) enables data privacy preservation by allowing clients to collaboratively train a deep learning model with the server without sharing raw data. However, SL still has limitations such as potential data privacy leakage and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-13 Ngoc Duy Pham , Alsharif Abuadbba , Yansong Gao , Tran Khoa Phan , Naveen Chilamkurti

Split Learning (SL) is a distributed learning approach that enables resource-constrained clients to collaboratively train deep neural networks (DNNs) by offloading most layers to a central server while keeping in- and output layers on the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Nojan Sheybani , Alessandro Pegoraro , Jonathan Knauer , Phillip Rieger , Elissa Mollakuqe , Farinaz Koushanfar , Ahmad-Reza Sadeghi

In terms of artificial intelligence, there are several security and privacy deficiencies in the traditional centralized training methods of machine learning models by a server. To address this limitation, federated learning (FL) has been…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-29 Yao Chen , Yijie Gui , Hong Lin , Wensheng Gan , Yongdong Wu

Federated learning (FL) is an emerging distributed machine learning paradigm proposed for privacy preservation. Unlike traditional centralized learning approaches, FL enables multiple users to collaboratively train a shared global model…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Hangyu Zhu , Liyuan Huang , Zhenping Xie

As a novel privacy-preserving paradigm aimed at reducing client computational costs and achieving data utility, split learning has garnered extensive attention and proliferated widespread applications across various fields, including smart…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Yuwen Pu , Zhuoyuan Ding , Jiahao Chen , Chunyi Zhou , Qingming Li , Chunqiang Hu , Shouling Ji

With the increased attention and legislation for data-privacy, collaborative machine learning (ML) algorithms are being developed to ensure the protection of private data used for processing. Federated learning (FL) is the most popular of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-04-10 David Enthoven , Zaid Al-Ars

Split Learning (SL) is a distributed learning framework renowned for its privacy-preserving features and minimal computational requirements. Previous research consistently highlights the potential privacy breaches in SL systems by server…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Xiaoyang Xu , Mengda Yang , Wenzhe Yi , Ziang Li , Juan Wang , Hongxin Hu , Yong Zhuang , Yaxin Liu

Training deep neural networks often forces users to work in a distributed or outsourced setting, accompanied with privacy concerns. Split learning aims to address this concern by distributing the model among a client and a server. The…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-19 Ege Erdogan , Alptekin Kupcu , A. Ercument Cicek

Federated learning (FL) and split learning (SL) are the two popular distributed machine learning (ML) approaches that provide some data privacy protection mechanisms. In the time-series classification problem, many researchers typically use…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-10 Lianlian Jiang , Yuexuan Wang , Wenyi Zheng , Chao Jin , Zengxiang Li , Sin G. Teo

Federated learning is considered as an effective privacy-preserving learning mechanism that separates the client's data and model training process. However, federated learning is still under the risk of privacy leakage because of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-03 Yuxuan Wan , Han Xu , Xiaorui Liu , Jie Ren , Wenqi Fan , Jiliang Tang

Split learning and differential privacy are technologies with growing potential to help with privacy-compliant advanced analytics on distributed datasets. Attacks against split learning are an important evaluation tool and have been…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-01-17 Grzegorz Gawron , Philip Stubbings

Everyday, large amounts of sensitive data is distributed across mobile phones, wearable devices, and other sensors. Traditionally, these enormous datasets have been processed on a single system, with complex models being trained to make…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-10 Zongshun Zhang , Andrea Pinto , Valeria Turina , Flavio Esposito , Ibrahim Matta

Split learning is a promising paradigm for privacy-preserving distributed learning. The learning model can be cut into multiple portions to be collaboratively trained at the participants by exchanging only the intermediate results at the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Junlin Liu , Xinchen Lyu , Qimei Cui , Xiaofeng Tao

Split learning of deep neural networks (SplitNN) has provided a promising solution to learning jointly for the mutual interest of a guest and a host, which may come from different backgrounds, holding features partitioned vertically.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-20 Yunlong Mao , Zexi Xin , Zhenyu Li , Jue Hong , Qingyou Yang , Sheng Zhong

As a crucial building block in vertical Federated Learning (vFL), Split Learning (SL) has demonstrated its practice in the two-party model training collaboration, where one party holds the features of data samples and another party holds…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-04-10 Shangyu Xie , Xin Yang , Yuanshun Yao , Tianyi Liu , Taiqing Wang , Jiankai Sun

Federated Learning (FL) is a distributed learning paradigm that enhances users privacy by eliminating the need for clients to share raw, private data with the server. Despite the success, recent studies expose the vulnerability of FL to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-15 Jing Wu , Munawar Hayat , Mingyi Zhou , Mehrtash Harandi