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Spectral gradient methods, such as the recently popularized Muon optimizer, are a promising alternative to standard Euclidean gradient descent for training deep neural networks and transformers, but it is still unclear in which regimes they…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Damek Davis , Dmitriy Drusvyatskiy

Understanding the internal representations and decision mechanisms of deep neural networks remains a critical open challenge. While existing interpretability methods often identify influential input regions, they may not elucidate how a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Farzaneh Mahdisoltani , Saeed Mahdisoltani , Roger B. Grosse , David J. Fleet

Implicit neural representations have recently been extended to represent convolutional neural network weights via neural representation for neural networks, offering promising parameter compression benefits. However, standard multi-layer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Qihu Xie , Yuan Li , Yi Kang

Deep networks have recently been shown to be vulnerable to universal perturbations: there exist very small image-agnostic perturbations that cause most natural images to be misclassified by such classifiers. In this paper, we propose the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-03-03 Seyed-Mohsen Moosavi-Dezfooli , Alhussein Fawzi , Omar Fawzi , Pascal Frossard , Stefano Soatto

While modern deep networks have demonstrated remarkable versatility, their training dynamics remain poorly understood--often driven more by empirical tweaks than architectural insight. This paper investigates how internal structural choices…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Saleh Nikooroo , Thomas Engel

Works on implicit regularization have studied gradient trajectories during the optimization process to explain why deep networks favor certain kinds of solutions over others. In deep linear networks, it has been shown that gradient descent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Dan Zhao

Deep neural networks exhibit a fascinating spectrum of phenomena ranging from predictable scaling laws to the unpredictable emergence of new capabilities as a function of training time, dataset size and network size. Analysis of these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-20 Shreyas Gokhale

Deep learning survival models often outperform classical methods in time-to-event predictions, particularly in personalized medicine, but their "black box" nature hinders broader adoption. We propose a framework for gradient-based…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-02-10 Sophie Hanna Langbein , Niklas Koenen , Marvin N. Wright

Gradient dynamics play a central role in determining the stability and generalization of deep neural networks. In this work, we provide an empirical analysis of how variance and standard deviation of gradients evolve during training,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Vincent-Daniel Yun

In neural networks with binary activations and or binary weights the training by gradient descent is complicated as the model has piecewise constant response. We consider stochastic binary networks, obtained by adding noises in front of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-11-05 Alexander Shekhovtsov , Viktor Yanush , Boris Flach

State-of-the-art deep neural networks have achieved impressive results on many image classification tasks. However, these same architectures have been shown to be unstable to small, well sought, perturbations of the images. Despite the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-08-30 Seyed-Mohsen Moosavi-Dezfooli , Alhussein Fawzi , Pascal Frossard

Deep learning models achieve high predictive performance but lack intrinsic interpretability, hindering our understanding of the learned prediction behavior. Existing local explainability methods focus on associations, neglecting the causal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Niklas Penzel , Joachim Denzler

When explaining the decisions of deep neural networks, simple stories are tempting but dangerous. Especially in computer vision, the most popular explanation approaches give a false sense of comprehension to its users and provide an overly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-17 Matthias Kirchler , Martin Graf , Marius Kloft , Christoph Lippert

We provide a theoretical explanation for the effectiveness of gradient clipping in training deep neural networks. The key ingredient is a new smoothness condition derived from practical neural network training examples. We observe that…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-02-12 Jingzhao Zhang , Tianxing He , Suvrit Sra , Ali Jadbabaie

Existing analyses of optimization in deep learning are either continuous, focusing on (variants of) gradient flow, or discrete, directly treating (variants of) gradient descent. Gradient flow is amenable to theoretical analysis, but is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-30 Omer Elkabetz , Nadav Cohen

Existing methods for estimating uncertainty in deep learning tend to require multiple forward passes, making them unsuitable for applications where computational resources are limited. To solve this, we perform probabilistic reasoning over…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-12-08 Javier Antorán , James Urquhart Allingham , José Miguel Hernández-Lobato

The inverse statistical problem of finding direct interactions in complex networks is difficult. In the natural sciences, well-controlled perturbation experiments are widely used to probe the structure of complex networks. However, our…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2019-10-24 Jialong Jiang , David A. Sivak , Matt Thomson

Gradient-based iterative optimization methods are the workhorse of modern machine learning. They crucially rely on careful tuning of parameters like learning rate and momentum. However, one typically sets them using heuristic approaches…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Dravyansh Sharma

Multi-Modal Learning (MML) integrates information from diverse modalities to improve predictive accuracy. While existing optimization strategies have made significant strides by mitigating gradient direction conflicts, we revisit MML from a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Peizheng Guo , Jingyao Wang , Wenwen Qiang , Jiahuan Zhou , Changwen Zheng , Gang Hua

Neural networks are trained primarily based on their inputs and outputs, without regard for their internal mechanisms. These neglected mechanisms determine properties that are critical for safety, like (i) transparency; (ii) the absence of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Alex Cloud , Jacob Goldman-Wetzler , Evžen Wybitul , Joseph Miller , Alexander Matt Turner