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Standard approaches to goal-conditioned reinforcement learning (GCRL) that rely on temporal-difference learning can be unstable and sample-inefficient due to bootstrapping. While recent work has explored contrastive and supervised…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Franki Nguimatsia Tiofack , Fabian Schramm , Théotime Le Hellard , Justin Carpentier

In Sequential Recommendation Systems (SRSs), Transformer models have demonstrated remarkable performance but face computational and memory cost challenges, especially when modeling long-term user behavior sequences. Due to its quadratic…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Juntao Hu , Wei Zhou , Haini Cai , Xiao Du , Huayi Shen , Junhao Wen

Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) has recently emerged as a practical recipe for aligning large language models with verifiable objectives. However, under sparse terminal rewards, GRPO often stalls because rollouts within a group…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Baohao Liao , Hanze Dong , Xinxing Xu , Christof Monz , Jiang Bian

Reinforcement fine-tuning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for equipping large vision-language models (LVLMs) with agentic capabilities such as tool use and multi-step reasoning. Despite striking empirical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Carter Adams , Rafael Oliveira , Gabriel Almeida , Sofia Torres

Recent advances in learnable reward shaping have shown promise in single-agent reinforcement learning by automatically discovering effective feedback signals. However, the effectiveness of decentralized learnable reward shaping in…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Aditya Akella

Recently, Reinforcement Learning from Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has been established as a highly effective technique for augmenting the math reasoning skills of Large Language Models (LLMs) based on a single instance. Current…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Rudray Dave , Vedang Dubey , Smit Deoghare , Sudhakar Mishra

Reinforcement learning (RL) has shown its strength in challenging sequential decision-making problems. The reward function in RL is crucial to the learning performance, as it serves as a measure of the task completion degree. In real-world…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Siyuan Li , Shijie Han , Yingnan Zhao , By Liang , Peng Liu

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a popular approach for robotic path planning in uncertain environments. However, the control policies trained for an RL agent crucially depend on user-defined, state-based reward functions. Poorly designed…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Anand Balakrishnan , Stefan Jakšić , Edgar A. Aguilar , Dejan Ničković , Jyotirmoy V. Deshmukh

Reinforcement Learning with Rubric Rewards (RLRR) is a framework that extends conventional reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) and verifiable rewards (RLVR) by replacing scalar preference signals with structured,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Guangchen Lan , Lian Xiong , Xin Zhou , Hejie Cui , Yuwei Zhang , Mao Li , Zhenyu Shi , Besnik Fetahu , Lihong Li , Xian Li

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR), which uses simple binary feedback to post-train large language models, has found significant empirical success. However, a principled understanding of why it works is lacking. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Joe Suk , Yaqi Duan

Conventional Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems often struggle with complex multi-hop queries over long documents due to their single-pass retrieval. We introduce MM-Doc-R1, a novel framework that employs an agentic, vision-aware…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Jiahang Lin , Kai Hu , Binghai Wang , Yuhao Zhou , Zhiheng Xi , Honglin Guo , Shichun Liu , Junzhe Wang , Shihan Dou , Enyu Zhou , Hang Yan , Zhenhua Han , Tao Gui , Qi Zhang , Xuanjing Huang

This paper presents a novel approach for unsupervised video summarization using reinforcement learning (RL), addressing limitations like unstable adversarial training and reliance on heuristic-based reward functions. The method operates on…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Mehryar Abbasi , Hadi Hadizadeh , Parvaneh Saeedi

The automatic synthesis of a policy through reinforcement learning (RL) from a given set of formal requirements depends on the construction of a reward signal and consists of the iterative application of many policy-improvement steps. The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-21 Luigi Berducci , Radu Grosu

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a promising approach for solving various control, optimization, and sequential decision making tasks. However, designing reward functions for complex tasks (e.g., with multiple objectives and safety…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-07-23 Xuan Zhao , Marcos Campos

Reward shaping (RS) is a powerful method in reinforcement learning (RL) for overcoming the problem of sparse or uninformative rewards. However, RS typically relies on manually engineered shaping-reward functions whose construction is…

Pretrained on large-scale and diverse datasets, VLA models demonstrate strong generalization and adaptability as general-purpose robotic policies. However, Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT), which serves as the primary mechanism for adapting…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Yuan Liu , Haoran Li , Shuai Tian , Yuxing Qin , Yuhui Chen , Yupeng Zheng , Yongzhen Huang , Dongbin Zhao

Reinforcement Learning (RL) robot controllers usually aggregate many task objectives into one scalar reward. While large-scale proximal policy optimisation (PPO) has enabled impressive results such as robust robot locomotion in the real…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Humphrey Munn , Brendan Tidd , Peter Böhm , Marcus Gallagher , David Howard

In reinforcement learning, two objective functions have been developed extensively in the literature: discounted and averaged rewards. The generalization to an entropy-regularized setting has led to improved robustness and exploration for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-20 Jacob Adamczyk , Volodymyr Makarenko , Stas Tiomkin , Rahul V. Kulkarni

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has recently emerged as a powerful paradigm for facilitating the self-improvement of large language models (LLMs), particularly in the domain of complex reasoning tasks. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Ziru Liu , Cheng Gong , Xinyu Fu , Yaofang Liu , Ran Chen , Shoubo Hu , Suiyun Zhang , Rui Liu , Qingfu Zhang , Dandan Tu

In this paper, we tackle the challenging problem of delayed rewards in reinforcement learning (RL). While Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) has emerged as a leading Policy Gradient method, its performance can degrade under delayed rewards.…