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The safety alignment of large language models (LLMs) is becoming increasingly important with their democratization. In this paper, we study the safety degradation that comes with adapting LLMs to new tasks. We attribute this safety…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Lama Alssum , Hani Itani , Hasan Abed Al Kader Hammoud , Philip Torr , Adel Bibi , Bernard Ghanem

Understanding and addressing potential safety alignment risks in large language models (LLMs) is critical for ensuring their safe and trustworthy deployment. In this paper, we highlight an insidious safety threat: a compromised LLM can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Guangnian Wan , Xinyin Ma , Gongfan Fang , Xinchao Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) pose a significant risk of safety misalignment after finetuning, as models can be compromised by both explicitly and implicitly harmful data. Even some seemingly benign data can inadvertently steer a model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Zhanhao Hu , Xiao Huang , Patrick Mendoza , Emad A. Alghamdi , Basel Alomair , Raluca Ada Popa , David Wagner

Context: In the fast-paced evolution of software development, Large Language Models (LLMs) have become indispensable tools for tasks such as code generation, completion, analysis, and bug fixing. Ensuring the robustness of these models…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Yang Liu , Armstrong Foundjem , Xingfang Wu , Heng Li , Foutse Khomh

Efficient finetuning of pretrained language transformers is becoming increasingly prevalent for solving natural language processing tasks. While effective, it can still require a large number of tunable parameters. This can be a drawback…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Umang Gupta , Aram Galstyan , Greg Ver Steeg

This paper introduces an efficient strategy to transform Large Language Models (LLMs) into Multi-Modal Large Language Models (MLLMs). By conceptualizing this transformation as a domain adaptation process, i.e., transitioning from text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Bingchen Zhao , Haoqin Tu , Chen Wei , Jieru Mei , Cihang Xie

As Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly permeate human life, their security has emerged as a critical concern, particularly their ability to maintain harmless responses to malicious instructions. Although extensive methods have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Yanrui Du , Fenglei Fan , Sendong Zhao , Jiawei Cao , Ting Liu , Bing Qin

Fine-tuning safety-aligned language models for downstream tasks often leads to substantial degradation of refusal behavior, making models vulnerable to adversarial misuse. While prior work has shown that safety-relevant features are encoded…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Sadia Asif , Mohammad Mohammadi Amiri

In this paper, we argue that current safety alignment research efforts for large language models are hindered by many intertwined sources of noise, such as small datasets, methodological inconsistencies, and unreliable evaluation setups.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Tim Beyer , Sophie Xhonneux , Simon Geisler , Gauthier Gidel , Leo Schwinn , Stephan Günnemann

The safety alignment of current Large Language Models (LLMs) is vulnerable. Relatively simple attacks, or even benign fine-tuning, can jailbreak aligned models. We argue that many of these vulnerabilities are related to a shared underlying…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Xiangyu Qi , Ashwinee Panda , Kaifeng Lyu , Xiao Ma , Subhrajit Roy , Ahmad Beirami , Prateek Mittal , Peter Henderson

Customizing Large Language Models (LLMs) on untrusted datasets poses severe risks of injecting toxic behaviors. In this work, we introduce Optimus, a novel defense framework designed to mitigate fine-tuning harms while preserving…

Structured pruning is widely used to compress large language models (LLMs), yet its effectiveness depends heavily on neuron importance estimation. Most existing methods estimate neuron importance from activation statistics on a single…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Xiaoyun Liu , Divya Saxena , Jiannong Cao , Yuqing Zhao , Yiying Dong , Penghui Ruan

Modern Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have achieved impressive performance in various tasks, yet they often struggle with compositional reasoning, the ability to decompose and recombine concepts to solve novel problems. While neuro-symbolic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Danial Kamali , Parisa Kordjamshidi

Large Language Models (LLMs) are often fine-tuned to adapt their general-purpose knowledge to specific tasks and domains such as cyber threat intelligence (CTI). Fine-tuning is mostly done through proprietary datasets that may contain…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Shashie Dilhara Batan Arachchige , Benjamin Zi Hao Zhao , Hassan Jameel Asghar , Dinusha Vatsalan , Dali Kaafar

With the increasing adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs), more customization is needed to ensure privacy-preserving and safe generation. We address this objective from two critical aspects: unlearning of sensitive information and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Fatmazohra Rezkellah , Ramzi Dakhmouche

As large language models (LLMs) become integral to various applications, ensuring both their safety and utility is paramount. Jailbreak attacks, which manipulate LLMs into generating harmful content, pose significant challenges to this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Guobin Shen , Dongcheng Zhao , Yiting Dong , Xiang He , Yi Zeng

Safety alignment is a key requirement for building reliable Artificial General Intelligence. Despite significant advances in safety alignment, we observe that minor latent shifts can still trigger unsafe responses in aligned models. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Tianle Gu , Kexin Huang , Zongqi Wang , Yixu Wang , Jie Li , Yuanqi Yao , Yang Yao , Yujiu Yang , Yan Teng , Yingchun Wang

Fine-tuning has emerged as a critical process in leveraging Large Language Models (LLMs) for specific downstream tasks, enabling these models to achieve state-of-the-art performance across various domains. However, the fine-tuning process…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Hao Du , Shang Liu , Lele Zheng , Yang Cao , Atsuyoshi Nakamura , Lei Chen

One-Shot Neural Architecture Search (NAS) algorithms often rely on training a hardware agnostic super-network for a domain specific task. Optimal sub-networks are then extracted from the trained super-network for different hardware…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-31 Sharath Nittur Sridhar , Souvik Kundu , Sairam Sundaresan , Maciej Szankin , Anthony Sarah

Aligned representations across languages is a desired property in multilingual large language models (mLLMs), as alignment can improve performance in cross-lingual tasks. Typically alignment requires fine-tuning a model, which is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Anirudh Sundar , Sinead Williamson , Katherine Metcalf , Barry-John Theobald , Skyler Seto , Masha Fedzechkina
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