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The emergence of Generative AI (Gen AI) and Large Language Models (LLMs) has enabled more advanced chatbots capable of human-like interactions. However, these conversational agents introduce a broader set of operational risks that extend…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-09 Pedro Pinacho-Davidson , Fernando Gutierrez , Pablo Zapata , Rodolfo Vergara , Pablo Aqueveque

This study evaluates the performance of general-purpose AI, like ChatGPT, in legal question-answering tasks, highlighting significant risks to legal professionals and clients. It suggests leveraging foundational models enhanced by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-19 Rohan Bhambhoria , Samuel Dahan , Jonathan Li , Xiaodan Zhu

Collaborative assistants, or chatbots, are data-driven decision support systems that enable natural interaction for task completion. While they can meet critical needs in modern society, concerns about their reliability and trustworthiness…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Biplav Srivastava , Kausik Lakkaraju , Nitin Gupta , Vansh Nagpal , Bharath C. Muppasani , Sara E. Jones

Chatbots are one class of intelligent, conversational software agents activated by natural language input (which can be in the form of text, voice, or both). They provide conversational output in response, and if commanded, can sometimes…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2017-04-18 Nicole M. Radziwill , Morgan C. Benton

Recent advances in the field of large language models (LLMs), particularly the ChatGPT family, have given rise to a powerful and versatile machine interlocutor, packed with knowledge and challenging our understanding of learning. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Wail Zellagui , Abdessamad Imine , Yamina Tadjeddine

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) has reshaped the field of natural language processing (NLP), with models like OpenAI ChatGPT and DeepSeek AI. Although ChatGPT established a strong foundation for conversational AI,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Simrandeep Singh , Shreya Bansal , Abdulmotaleb El Saddik , Mukesh Saini

ChatGPT is a large language model (LLM) created by OpenAI that has been carefully trained on a large amount of data. It has revolutionized the field of natural language processing (NLP) and has pushed the boundaries of LLM capabilities.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-18 Salman Mohamadi , Ghulam Mujtaba , Ngan Le , Gianfranco Doretto , Donald A. Adjeroh

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT and LLaMA, have significantly transformed Natural Language Processing (NLP) with their outstanding abilities in text generation, summarization, and classification.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-12 Md Nazmus Sakib , Md Athikul Islam , Royal Pathak , Md Mashrur Arifin

Artificial intelligence (AI) as a disruptive technology is not new. However, its recent evolution, engineered by technological transformation, big data analytics, and quantum computing, produces conversational and generative AI (CGAI/GenAI)…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Ikpe Justice Akpan , Yawo M. Kobara , Josiah Owolabi , Asuama Akpam , Onyebuchi Felix Offodile

The ability of ChatGPT to generate human-like responses and understand context has made it a popular tool for conversational agents, content creation, data analysis, and research and innovation. However, its effectiveness and ease of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-05-10 Sayak Saha Roy , Krishna Vamsi Naragam , Shirin Nilizadeh

Moderating offensive, hateful, and toxic language has always been an important but challenging topic in the domain of safe use in NLP. The emerging large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, can potentially further accentuate this…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Boyang Zhang , Xinyue Shen , Wai Man Si , Zeyang Sha , Zeyuan Chen , Ahmed Salem , Yun Shen , Michael Backes , Yang Zhang

The rapid advancements in generative AI models, such as ChatGPT, have introduced both significant benefits and new risks within the cybersecurity landscape. This paper investigates the potential misuse of the latest AI model, ChatGPT-4o…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Rina Mishra , Gaurav Varshney , Shreya Singh

Educational chatbots come with a promise of interactive and personalized learning experiences, yet their development has been limited by the restricted free interaction capabilities of available platforms and the difficulty of encoding…

Public product launches in Artificial Intelligence can serve as focusing events for collective attention, surfacing how societies react to technological change. Social media provide a window into the sensemaking around these events,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Adrian Rauchfleisch , Joshua Philip Suarez , Nikka Marie Sales , Andreas Jungherr

Interactive chat systems that build on artificial intelligence frameworks are increasingly ubiquitous and embedded into search engines, Web browsers, and operating systems, or are available on websites and apps. Researcher efforts have…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Katherine M. FitzGerald , Michelle Riedlinger , Axel Bruns , Stephen Harrington , Timothy Graham , Daniel Angus

ChatGPT is a cutting-edge artificial intelligence language model developed by OpenAI, which has attracted a lot of attention due to its surprisingly strong ability in answering follow-up questions. In this report, we aim to evaluate ChatGPT…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-27 Haoran Wu , Wenxuan Wang , Yuxuan Wan , Wenxiang Jiao , Michael Lyu

The use of chatbots equipped with artificial intelligence (AI) in educational settings has increased in recent years, showing potential to support teaching and learning. However, the adoption of these technologies has raised concerns about…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Griffin Pitts , Viktoria Marcus , Sanaz Motamedi

Upon release, ChatGPT3.5 shocked the software engineering community by its ability to generate answers to specialized questions about coding. Immediately, many educators wondered if it was possible to use the chatbot as a support tool that…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Yaiza Aragonés-Soria , Julia Kotovich , Chitsutha Soomlek , Manuel Oriol

Artificial Intelligence Generated Content (AIGC) is one of the latest achievements in AI development. The content generated by related applications, such as text, images and audio, has sparked a heated discussion. Various derived AIGC…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Chuan Chen , Zhenpeng Wu , Yanyi Lai , Wenlin Ou , Tianchi Liao , Zibin Zheng

ChatGPT has gained a huge popularity since its introduction. Its positive aspects have been reported through many media platforms, and some analyses even showed that ChatGPT achieved a decent grade in professional exams, adding extra…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-15 Myeongjun Erik Jang , Thomas Lukasiewicz