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We indicate a way of distinguishing between structures, for which, two structures are said to be separable.Being separable implies being non-isomorphic. We show that for any first order theory $T$ in a countable language, if it has an…

In this paper we continue our research on the concept of liken. This notion has been defined as a sequence of non-negative real numbers, tending to infinity and closed with respect to addition in $\mathbb{R}$. The most important examples of…

We use recurrence equations (alias difference equations) to enumerate the number of formula-representations of positive integers using only addition and multiplication, and using addition, multiplication, and exponentiation, where all the…

Let $a,b,c$ be positive integers. It is known that there are infinitely many positive integers not representated by $ax^2+by^2+cz^2$ with $x,y,z\in\mathbb Z$. In contrast, we conjecture that any natural number is represented by $\lfloor…

We study the computational complexity of certain integrable quantum theories in 1+1 dimensions. We formalize a model of quantum computation based on these theories. In this model, distinguishable particles start out with known momenta and…

We give conditions for when two Euler products are the same given that they satisfy a functional equation and their coefficients are not too large and do not differ from each other by too much. Additionally, we prove a number of…

Many classical identities arise from nothing more mysterious than looking at the same object in two different ways. A number, a function, or a combinatorial object may admit several natural decompositions, and by disassembling it in one way…

We investigate additive properties of sets $A,$ where $A=\{a_1,a_2,\ldots ,a_k\}$ is a monotone increasing set of real numbers, and the differences of consecutive elements are all distinct. It is known that $|A+B|\geq c|A||B|^{1/2}$ for any…

Suppose $\Lambda$ is a discrete infinite set of nonnegative real numbers. We say that $ {\Lambda}$ is type $1$ if the series $s(x)=\sum_{\lambda\in\Lambda}f(x+\lambda)$ satisfies a zero-one law. This means that for any non-negative…

With the example of a Stern-Gerlach measurement on a spin-1/2 atom, we show that a superposition of both paths may be observed compatibly with properties attributed to state collapse - for example, the singleness (or mutual exclusivity) of…

The First Hilbert problem is studied in this paper by applying two instruments: a new methodology distinguishing between mathematical objects and mathematical languages used to describe these objects; and a new numeral system allowing one…

Even for simple arithmetic tasks like integer addition, it is challenging for Transformers to generalize to longer sequences than those encountered during training. To tackle this problem, we propose position coupling, a simple yet…

Can you decide if there is a coincidence in the numbers counting two different combinatorial objects? For example, can you decide if two regions in $\mathbb{R}^3$ have the same number of domino tilings? There are two versions of the…

We investigate methods for modelling metabolism within populations of cells. Typically one represents the interaction of a cloned population of cells with their environment as though it were one large cell. The question is as to whether any…

Twin observables, i.e. opposite subsystem observables A+ and A- that are indistinguishable in measurement in a given mixed or pure state W, are investigated in detail algebraicly and geometrically. It is shown that there is a far-reaching…

Specifying a computational problem requires fixing encodings for input and output: encoding graphs as adjacency matrices, characters as integers, integers as bit strings, and vice versa. For such discrete data, the actual encoding is…

We show that if $A=\{a_1,a_2,..., a_k\}$ is a monotone increasing set of numbers, and the differences of the consecutive elements are all distinct, then $|A+B|\geq c|A|^{1/2}|B|$ for any finite set of numbers $B$. The bound is tight up to…

Using invariants from commutative algebra to count geometric objects is a basic idea in singularities. For example, the multiplicity of an ideal is used to count points of intersection of two analytic sets at points of non-transverse…

A recent unlabeled sampling result by Unnikrishnan, Haghighatshoar and Vetterli states that with probability one over iid Gaussian matrices $A$, any $x$ can be uniquely recovered from an unknown permutation of $y = A x$ as soon as $A$ has…

The world of mathematics is often considered abstract, with its symbols, concepts, and topics appearing unrelated to physical objects. However, it is important to recognize that the development of mathematics is fundamentally influenced by…