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Test-time scaling (TTS) -- the dynamic allocation of compute during inference -- is a promising direction for improving reasoning in large language models (LLMs). However, a systematic comparison of well-known TTS strategies under identical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Aradhye Agarwal , Ayan Sengupta , Tanmoy Chakraborty

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful tools for generating coherent text, understanding context, and performing reasoning tasks. However, they struggle with temporal reasoning, which requires processing time-related…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Adrián Bazaga , Rexhina Blloshmi , Bill Byrne , Adrià de Gispert

Spatially dense self-supervised learning is a rapidly growing problem domain with promising applications for unsupervised segmentation and pretraining for dense downstream tasks. Despite the abundance of temporal data in the form of videos,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-24 Mohammadreza Salehi , Efstratios Gavves , Cees G. M. Snoek , Yuki M. Asano

Diffusion Large Language Models (dLLMs) have achieved rapid progress, viewed as a promising alternative to the autoregressive paradigm. However, most dLLM decoders still adopt a global confidence threshold, and do not explicitly model local…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Yuzhe Chen , Jiale Cao , Xuyang Liu , Jin Xie , Aiping Yang , Yanwei Pang

Diffusion-based Large Language Models (dLLMs) have emerged as a competitive alternative to autoregressive models, offering unique advantages through bidirectional attention and parallel generation paradigms. However, the generation results…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Yifeng Gao , Ziang Ji , Yuxuan Wang , Biqing Qi , Hanlin Xu , Linfeng Zhang

We address the problem of incremental sequence classification, where predictions are updated as new elements in the sequence are revealed. Drawing on temporal-difference learning from reinforcement learning, we identify a…

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is crucial for unlocking the complex reasoning capabilities of Diffusion-based Large Language Models (dLLMs). However, applying RL to dLLMs faces unique challenges in efficiency and stability. To address these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Jiawei Liu , Xiting Wang , Yuanyuan Zhong , Defu Lian , Yu Yang

Frontier Large Language Models (LLMs) can be socially discriminatory or sensitive to spurious features of their inputs. Because only well-resourced corporations can train frontier LLMs, we need robust test-time strategies to control such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Leonardo Cotta , Chris J. Maddison

Parallel test-time scaling (TTS) is a pivotal approach for enhancing large language models (LLMs), typically by sampling multiple token-based chains-of-thought in parallel and aggregating outcomes through voting or search. Recent advances…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Runyang You , Yongqi Li , Meng Liu , Wenjie Wang , Liqiang Nie , Wenjie Li

Inference-time scaling has emerged as a powerful way to improve large language model (LLM) performance by generating multiple candidate responses and selecting among them. However, existing work on dynamic allocation for test-time compute…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Jenny Y. Huang , Mehul Damani , Yousef El-Kurdi , Ramon Astudillo , Wei Sun

Diffusion Large Language Models (DLLMs) promise fast parallel generation, yet open-source DLLMs still face a severe quality-speed trade-off: accelerating decoding by revealing multiple tokens often causes substantial quality degradation. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Fanqin Zeng , Feng Hong , Geng Yu , Huangjie Zheng , Xiaofeng Cao , Ya Zhang , Bo Han , Yanfeng Wang , Jiangchao Yao

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown impressive performance in mathematical reasoning tasks when guided by Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting. However, they tend to produce highly confident yet incorrect outputs, which poses significant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Zhenjiang Mao , Artem Bisliouk , Rohith Reddy Nama , Ivan Ruchkin

Test-time reinforcement learning (TTRL) always adapts models at inference time via pseudo-labeling, leaving it vulnerable to spurious optimization signals from label noise. Through an empirical study, we observe that responses with medium…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Yongcan Yu , Lingxiao He , Jian Liang , Kuangpu Guo , Meng Wang , Qianlong Xie , Xingxing Wang , Ran He

Large Language Models (LLMs) often exhibit strong linguistic abilities while remaining unreliable on multi-step reasoning tasks, particularly when deployed without additional training or fine-tuning. In this work, we study inference-time…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Vinay Sharma , Manish Jain

Masked diffusion large language models (dLLMs) are a promising alternative to autoregressive generation. While reinforcement learning (RL) methods have recently been adapted to dLLM fine-tuning, their objectives typically depend on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Yuyuan Chen , Shiyi Wang , Peter Potaptchik , Jaeyeon Kim , Michael S. Albergo

Inference-time compute has re-emerged as a practical way to improve LLM reasoning. Most test-time scaling (TTS) algorithms rely on autoregressive decoding, which is ill-suited to discrete diffusion language models (dLLMs) due to their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Jinbin Bai , Yixuan Li , Yuchen Zhu , Yi Xin , Qingyu Shi , Aosong Feng , Xiaohong Liu , Molei Tao , Jianru Xue , Xiangtai Li , Ming-Hsuan Yang

Diffusion-based large language models (dLLMs) are trained flexibly to model extreme dependence in the data distribution; however, how to best utilize this information at inference time remains an open problem. In this work, we uncover an…

Video Large Language Models (Video LLMs) have achieved significant success by adopting the paradigm of large-scale pre-training followed by supervised fine-tuning (SFT). However, existing approaches struggle with temporal reasoning due to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Shicheng Li , Lei Li , Kun Ouyang , Shuhuai Ren , Yuanxin Liu , Yuanxing Zhang , Fuzheng Zhang , Lingpeng Kong , Qi Liu , Xu Sun

Test-time scaling investigates whether a fixed diffusion language model (DLM) can generate better outputs when given more inference compute, without additional training. However, naive best-of-$K$ sampling is fundamentally limited because…

Temporal expression (TE) normalization is a well-studied problem. However, the predominately used rule-based systems are highly restricted to specific settings, and upcoming machine learning approaches suffer from a lack of labeled data. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-12 Akash Kumar Gautam , Lukas Lange , Jannik Strötgen