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The fine-tuning of Large Language Models (LLMs) is pivotal for achieving optimal performance across diverse downstream tasks. However, while full fine-tuning delivers superior results, it entails significant computational and resource…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-15 Yao Liang , Yuwei Wang , Yi Zeng

Post-training has become essential for adapting large language models (LLMs) to complex downstream behaviors, including instruction following, preference alignment, and multi-step reasoning. Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Chengqian Zhang , Wei Zhu , Kyumin Lee

Federated fine-tuning (FedFT) has been proposed to fine-tune the pre-trained language models in a distributed manner. However, there are two critical challenges for efficient FedFT in practical applications, i.e., resource constraints and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Jun Liu , Yunming Liao , Hongli Xu , Yang Xu , Jianchun Liu , Chen Qian

We systematically evaluate Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) methods under the paradigm of Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR). RLVR incentivizes language models to enhance their reasoning capabilities through…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Qingyu Yin , Yulun Wu , Zhennan Shen , Sunbowen Li , Zhilin Wang , Yanshu Li , Chak Tou Leong , Jiale Kang , Jinjin Gu

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems have recently shown remarkable advancements by integrating retrieval mechanisms into language models, enhancing their ability to produce more accurate and contextually relevant responses.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Siran Li , Linus Stenzel , Carsten Eickhoff , Seyed Ali Bahrainian

This review surveys the rapid evolution of Meta AI's LLaMA (Large Language Model Meta AI) series - from LLaMA 1 through LLaMA 4 and the specialized parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods developed for these models. We first describe…

Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) methods, especially LoRA, are widely used for adapting pre-trained models to downstream tasks due to their computational and storage efficiency. However, in the context of LoRA and its variants, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Kainan Liu , Yong Zhang , Ning Cheng , Yun Zhu , Yanmeng Wang , Shaojun Wang , Jing Xiao

Various parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) techniques have been proposed to enable computationally efficient fine-tuning while maintaining model performance. However, existing PEFT methods are still limited by the growing number of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Yifan Yang , Jiajun Zhou , Ngai Wong , Zheng Zhang

Fine-tuning large language models for domain-specific tasks such as medical text summarization demands substantial computational resources. Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods offer promising alternatives by updating only a small…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Ulugbek Shernazarov , Rostislav Svitsov , Bin Shi

Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) has emerged as a popular parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) method for Large Language Models (LLMs), yet it still incurs notable overhead and suffers from parameter interference in multi-task scenarios. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Juzheng Zhang , Jiacheng You , Ashwinee Panda , Tom Goldstein

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems are increasingly used to analyze complex policy documents, but achieving sufficient reliability for expert usage remains challenging in domains characterized by dense legal language and evolving,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Saahil Mathur , Ryan David Rittner , Vedant Ajit Thakur , Daniel Stuart Schiff , Tunazzina Islam

Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) lowers the computational and memory overhead of fine-tuning large models by updating a low-dimensional subspace of the pre-trained weight matrix. Albeit efficient, LoRA exhibits suboptimal convergence and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Yilang Zhang , Bingcong Li , Georgios B. Giannakis

Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) methods have transformed the approach to fine-tuning large models for downstream tasks by enabling the adjustment of significantly fewer parameters than those in the original model matrices. In this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Alessio Quercia , Zhuo Cao , Arya Bangun , Richard D. Paul , Abigail Morrison , Ira Assent , Hanno Scharr

This paper introduces a novel Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) framework for multi-modal, multi-task transfer learning with pre-trained language models. PEFT techniques such as LoRA, BitFit and IA3 have demonstrated comparable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-15 Avelina Asada Hadji-Kyriacou , Ognjen Arandjelovic

Low-rank adapters (LoRA) and their variants are popular parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) techniques that closely match full model fine-tune performance while requiring only a small number of additional parameters. These additional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Runqian Wang , Soumya Ghosh , David Cox , Diego Antognini , Aude Oliva , Rogerio Feris , Leonid Karlinsky

Model training requires significantly more memory, compared with inference. Parameter efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods provide a means of adapting large models to downstream tasks using less memory. However, existing methods such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Marawan Gamal Abdel Hameed , Aristides Milios , Siva Reddy , Guillaume Rabusseau

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly employed in enterprise question-answering (QA) systems, requiring adaptation to domain-specific knowledge. Among the most prevalent methods for incorporating such knowledge are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Jakob Sturm , Josef Pichlmeier , Christian Bernhard , Maka Karalashvili , Johannes Klepsch , Georg Groh , Andre Luckow

We explore the potential of integrating learnable and interpretable modules--specifically Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (KAN) and graph-based representations--within a pre-trained GPT-2 model to enhance multi-task learning accuracy. Motivated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Gabriel Bo , Marc Bernardino , Justin Gu

Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) emerges as a popular parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) method, which proposes to freeze pretrained model weights and update an additive low-rank trainable matrix. In this work, we study the enhancement of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Fangzhao Zhang , Mert Pilanci

Low-Rank Adaptation~(LoRA), which updates the dense neural network layers with pluggable low-rank matrices, is one of the best performed parameter efficient fine-tuning paradigms. Furthermore, it has significant advantages in cross-task…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Yuren Mao , Yuhang Ge , Yijiang Fan , Wenyi Xu , Yu Mi , Zhonghao Hu , Yunjun Gao
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