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Artificial intelligence algorithms are increasingly used by firms to set prices. Previous research shows that they can exhibit collusive behaviour, but how quickly they can do so has so far remained an open question. I show that a modern…

General Economics · Economics 2026-04-20 Kevin Michael Frick

This paper examines how data inputs shape competition among artificial intelligences (AIs) in pricing games. The dataset assigns labels to consumers and divides them into different markets, thereby inducing multimarket contact among AIs. We…

General Economics · Economics 2025-12-30 Zhang Xu , Mingsheng Zhang , Wei Zhao

Algorithmic pricing raises a question of interpretation as well as intervention: when autonomous deep-learning pricing systems sustain supracompetitive prices, what strategic pattern have they learned, and how might market institutions…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2026-05-19 Soumen Banerjee

Motivated by the dynamic assortment offerings and item pricings occurring in e-commerce, we study a general problem of allocating finite inventories to heterogeneous customers arriving sequentially. We analyze this problem under the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-05-14 Will Ma , David Simchi-Levi

We present a model of digital advertising with three key features: (i) advertisers can reach consumers on and off a platform, (ii) additional data enhances the value of advertiser-consumer matches, and (iii) bidding follows auction-like…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2024-04-25 Dirk Bergemann , Alessandro Bonatti , Nicholas Wu

This paper examines how the observability of demand shocks influences pricing patterns and market outcomes when firms delegate pricing decisions to Q-learning algorithms. Simulations show that demand observability induces Q-learning agents…

General Economics · Economics 2025-12-09 Zexin Ye

AI agents are increasingly deployed in ecosystems where they repeatedly interact not only with each other but also with humans. In this work, we study these human-AI ecosystems from a theoretical perspective, focusing on the classical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Natalie Collina , Eshwar Ram Arunachaleswaran , Meena Jagadeesan

Consider sellers in a competitive market that use algorithms to adapt their prices from data that they collect. In such a context it is plausible that algorithms could arrive at prices that are higher than the competitive prices and this…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Jason D. Hartline , Sheng Long , Chenhao Zhang

We study the problem of auction design for advertising platforms that face strategic advertisers who are bidding across platforms. Each advertiser's goal is to maximize their total value or conversions while satisfying some constraint(s)…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Gagan Aggarwal , Andres Perlroth , Ariel Schvartzman , Mingfei Zhao

We study the problem of finding the optimal bidding strategy for an advertiser in a multi-platform auction setting. The competition on a platform is captured by a value and a cost function, mapping bidding strategies to value and cost…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Gagan Aggarwal , Anupam Gupta , Xizhi Tan , Mingfei Zhao

In many applications, ads are displayed together with the prices, so as to provide a direct comparison among similar products or services. The price-displaying feature not only influences the consumers' decisions, but also affects the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-03-24 Bin Li , Yahui Lei

We conduct experiments with algorithmic pricing agents based on Large Language Models (LLMs). In oligopoly settings, LLM-based pricing agents quickly and autonomously reach supracompetitive prices and profits. Variation in seemingly…

General Economics · Economics 2026-03-09 Sara Fish , Yannai A. Gonczarowski , Ran I. Shorrer

As algorithms increasingly mediate competitive decision-making, their influence extends beyond individual outcomes to shaping strategic market dynamics. In two preregistered experiments, we examined how algorithmic advice affects human…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Tobias R. Rebholz , Maxwell Uphoff , Christian H. R. Bernges , Florian Scholten

We consider a periodical equilibrium pricing problem for multiple firms over a planning horizon of T periods. At each period, firms set their selling prices and receive stochastic demand from consumers. Firms do not know their underlying…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Yongge Yang , Yu-Ching Lee , Po-An Chen

Motivated by agentic markets -- two-sided markets in which consumers and businesses are assisted by AI tools that facilitate consumers' search -- we study the impact of improved search technology on learning and welfare in markets. We put…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Brendan Lucier , Nicole Immorlica , Markus Mobius , Aleksandrs Slivkins , Daniel G. Goldstein , Jake M. Hofman , Sonia Jaffe , David M. Rothschild

Autonomous Mobility-on-Demand (AMoD) systems promise to revolutionize urban transportation by providing affordable on-demand services to meet growing travel demand. However, realistic AMoD markets will be competitive, with multiple…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Emil Kragh Toft , Carolin Schmidt , Daniele Gammelli , Filipe Rodrigues

Pricing algorithms have demonstrated the capability to learn tacit collusion that is largely unaddressed by current regulations. Their increasing use in markets, including oligopolistic industries with a history of collusion, calls for…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Paul Friedrich , Barna Pásztor , Giorgia Ramponi

The prospect of collusive agreements being stabilized via the use of pricing algorithms is widely discussed by antitrust experts and economists. However, the literature is often lacking the perspective of computer scientists, and seems to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-10-12 Florian E. Dorner

In this paper, we analyze a natural learning algorithm for uniform pacing of advertising budgets, equipped to adapt to varying ad sale platform conditions. On the demand side, advertisers face a fundamental technical challenge in automating…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-11-14 MohammadTaghi Hajiaghayi , Max Springer

Autonomous pricing algorithms are increasingly influencing competition in digital markets; however, their behavior under realistic demand conditions remains largely unexamined. This paper offers a thorough analysis of four pricing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Aheer Sravon , Md. Ibrahim , Devdyuti Mazumder , Ridwan Al Aziz