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We aim to highlight an interesting trend to contribute to the ongoing debate around advances within legal Natural Language Processing. Recently, the focus for most legal text classification tasks has shifted towards large pre-trained deep…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-25 Benjamin Clavié , Marc Alphonsus

The effectiveness of the BERT model on multiple linguistic tasks has been well documented. On the other hand, its potentials for narrow and specific domains such as Legal, have not been fully explored. In this paper, we examine how BERT can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Muhammad AL-Qurishi , Sarah AlQaseemi , Riad Soussi

Three publicly-available LLM specifically designed for legal tasks have been implemented and shown that classification accuracy can benefit from training over legal corpora, but why and how? Here we use two publicly-available legal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-30 Richard K. Belew

Recent developments in Natural Language Processing have led to the introduction of state-of-the-art Neural Language Models, enabled with unsupervised transferable learning, using different pretraining objectives. While these models achieve…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-23 Muhammad Zohaib Khan

Transformer-based language models such as BERT have become foundational in NLP, yet their performance degrades in specialized domains like patents, which contain long, technical, and legally structured text. Prior approaches to patent NLP…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Amirhossein Yousefiramandi , Ciaran Cooney

The exponential growth of online textual content across diverse domains has necessitated advanced methods for automated text classification. Large Language Models (LLMs) based on transformer architectures have shown significant success in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Zhyar Rzgar K Rostam , Gábor Kertész

This work involves the usage of various NLP models to predict the winner of a particular judgment by the means of text extraction and summarization from a judgment document. These documents are useful when it comes to legal proceedings. One…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Stanley Kingston , Prassanth , Shrinivas A , Balamurugan MS , Manoj Kumar Rajagopal

Multi-Label Classification (MLC) is a common task in the legal domain, where more than one label may be assigned to a legal document. A wide range of methods can be applied, ranging from traditional ML approaches to the latest…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Martina Forster , Claudia Schulz , Prudhvi Nokku , Melicaalsadat Mirsafian , Jaykumar Kasundra , Stavroula Skylaki

Analyzing financial transactions is crucial for ensuring regulatory compliance, detecting fraud, and supporting decisions. The complexity of financial transaction data necessitates advanced techniques to extract meaningful insights and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Wanying Ding , Savinay Narendra , Xiran Shi , Adwait Ratnaparkhi , Chengrui Yang , Nikoo Sabzevar , Ziyan Yin

The rapid growth of statutory corpora and judicial decisions requires scalable legal AI systems capable of classification and retrieval over extremely long contexts. Transformer-based architectures (e.g., Longformer, DeBERTa) dominate…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Anuraj Maurya

Protecting privileged communications and data from inadvertent disclosure is a paramount task in the US legal practice. Traditionally counsels rely on keyword searching and manual review to identify privileged documents in cases. As data…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-12-17 Haozhen Zhao , Shi Ye , Jingchao Yang

Seeking legal advice is often expensive. Recent advancements in machine learning for solving complex problems can be leveraged to help make legal services more accessible to the public. However, real-life applications encounter significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-07 Jonathan Li , Rohan Bhambhoria , Xiaodan Zhu

In the evolving NLP landscape, benchmarks serve as yardsticks for gauging progress. However, existing Legal NLP benchmarks only focus on predictive tasks, overlooking generative tasks. This work curates LexSumm, a benchmark designed for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 T. Y. S. S. Santosh , Cornelius Weiss , Matthias Grabmair

The most widely used large language models in the social sciences (such as BERT, and its derivatives, e.g. RoBERTa) have a limitation on the input text length that they can process to produce predictions. This is a particularly pressing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Miklós Sebők , Viktor Kovács , Martin Bánóczy , Daniel Møller Eriksen , Nathalie Neptune , Philippe Roussille

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized both general natural language processing and domain-specific applications such as code synthesis, legal reasoning, and finance. However, while prior studies have explored individual model…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Gunjan Das , Paheli Bhattacharya , Rishabh Gupta

Recent advances in neural architectures, such as the Transformer, coupled with the emergence of large-scale pre-trained models such as BERT, have revolutionized the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP), pushing the state of the art…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-24 Anton Chernyavskiy , Dmitry Ilvovsky , Preslav Nakov

We develop four versions of GreekLegalRoBERTa, which are four large language models trained on Greek legal and nonlegal text. We show that our models surpass the performance of GreekLegalBERT, Greek- LegalBERT-v2, and GreekBERT in two tasks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Vasileios Saketos , Despina-Athanasia Pantazi , Manolis Koubarakis

Question Answering (QA) is a task in natural language processing that has seen considerable growth after the advent of transformers. There has been a surge in QA datasets that have been proposed to challenge natural language processing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-08 Kate Pearce , Tiffany Zhan , Aneesh Komanduri , Justin Zhan

NLP in the legal domain has seen increasing success with the emergence of Transformer-based Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) pre-trained on legal text. PLMs trained over European and US legal text are available publicly; however, legal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-16 Shounak Paul , Arpan Mandal , Pawan Goyal , Saptarshi Ghosh

Pretrained transformer models have achieved state-of-the-art results in many tasks and benchmarks recently. Many state-of-the-art Language Models (LMs), however, do not scale well above the threshold of 512 input tokens. In specialized…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-01 Joel Niklaus , Daniele Giofré