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The Model Context Protocol (MCP) is a recently proposed interoperability standard that unifies how AI agents connect with external tools and data sources. By defining a set of common client-server message exchange clauses, MCP replaces…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Nanzi Yang , Weiheng Bai , Kangjie Lu

The rapid expansion of the model context protocol (MCP) ecosystem enables large language model (LLM)-based agents to access a wide range of external tools via a standardized interface. However, identifying appropriate MCP servers for a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Shiyu He , Zhiman Chen , Yuqi Zhao , Neng Zhang , Ran Mo , Yutao Ma

Today's AI agents are built on large language models (LLMs) equipped with tools to access and modify external environments, such as corporate file systems, API-accessible platforms and websites. AI agents offer the promise of automating…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Merlin Stein

Industrial automation increasingly requires flexible control strategies that can adapt to changing tasks and environments. Agents based on Large Language Models (LLMs) offer potential for such adaptive planning and execution but lack…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Niklas Jobs , Luis Miguel Vieira da Silva , Jayanth Somashekaraiah , Maximilian Weigand , David Kube , Felix Gehlhoff

Information seeking is a fundamental requirement for humans. However, existing LLM agents rely heavily on open-web search, which exposes two fundamental weaknesses: online content is noisy and unreliable, and many real-world tasks require…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Yaxin Du , Yuanshuo Zhang , Xiyuan Yang , Yifan Zhou , Cheng Wang , Gongyi Zou , Xianghe Pang , Wenhao Wang , Menglan Chen , Shuo Tang , Zhiyu Li , Feiyu Xiong , Siheng Chen

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable performance, they remain vulnerable to jailbreak. The integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) with external tools via protocols such as the Model Context Protocol (MCP)…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Wenpeng Xing , Zhonghao Qi , Yupeng Qin , Yilin Li , Caini Chang , Jiahui Yu , Changting Lin , Zhenzhen Xie , Meng Han

The rapid rise of Large Language Models (LLMs)-based intelligent agents underscores the need for robust, scalable evaluation frameworks. Existing methods rely on static benchmarks and labor-intensive data collection, limiting practical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Zhiwei Liu , Jielin Qiu , Shiyu Wang , Jianguo Zhang , Zuxin Liu , Roshan Ram , Haolin Chen , Weiran Yao , Shelby Heinecke , Silvio Savarese , Huan Wang , Caiming Xiong

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has rapidly become a de facto standard for connecting LLM-based agents with external tools via reusable MCP servers. In practice, however, server selection and onboarding rely heavily on free-text tool…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Peiran Wang , Ying Li , Yuqiang Sun , Chengwei Liu , Yang Liu , Yuan Tian

With advances in decision-making and reasoning capabilities, multimodal agents show strong potential in computer application scenarios. Past evaluations have mainly assessed GUI interaction skills, while tool invocation abilities, such as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Hongrui Jia , Jitong Liao , Xi Zhang , Haiyang Xu , Tianbao Xie , Chaoya Jiang , Ming Yan , Si Liu , Wei Ye , Fei Huang

The integration of large language models (LLMs) into scientific research is accelerating the realization of autonomous ``AI Scientists.'' While recent advancements have empowered AI to formulate hypotheses and design experiments, a critical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-27 Masaki Shiraishi , Ikko Hamamura , Tatsuya Ishigaki , Tadashi Kadowaki

The development of large language models (LLMs) has entered in a experience-driven era, flagged by the emergence of environment feedback-driven learning via reinforcement learning and tool-using agents. This encourages the emergenece of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Junfeng Fang , Zijun Yao , Ruipeng Wang , Haokai Ma , Xiang Wang , Tat-Seng Chua

Recent advances in LLM Multi-Agent Systems enable scalable orchestration of sub-agents, each coordinating hundreds or thousands of tools or Model Context Protocol (MCP) servers. However, existing retrieval methods typically match queries…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Elias Lumer , Faheem Nizar , Anmol Gulati , Pradeep Honaganahalli Basavaraju , Vamse Kumar Subbiah

Large language model (LLM)-based AI agents extend LLM capabilities by enabling access to tools such as data sources, APIs, search engines, code sandboxes, and even other agents. While this empowers agents to perform complex tasks, LLMs may…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Aarya Doshi , Yining Hong , Congying Xu , Eunsuk Kang , Alexandros Kapravelos , Christian Kästner

Large Language Models (LLMs) are evolving from text generators into reasoning agents. This transition makes their ability to use external tools a critical capability. However, evaluating this skill presents a significant challenge. Existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Fei Lei , Yibo Yang , Wenxiu Sun , Dahua Lin

We present M^3-Bench, the first benchmark for evaluating multimodal tool use under the Model Context Protocol. The benchmark targets realistic, multi-hop and multi-threaded workflows that require visual grounding and textual reasoning,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Yang Zhou , Mingyu Zhao , Zhenting Wang , Difei Gu , Bangwei Guo , Ruosong Ye , Ligong Han , Can Jin , Dimitris N. Metaxas

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) enables Large Language Models (LLMs) to interact with external tools via tool descriptors, thereby extending their capabilities for task execution, autonomous decision-making, and multi-agent coordination.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Saeid Jamshidi , Arghavan Moradi Dakhel , Kawser Wazed Nafi , Foutse Khomh

This paper provides an in-depth technical analysis and implementation methodology of the open-source Agent-to-Agent (A2A) protocol developed by Google and the Model Context Protocol (MCP) introduced by Anthropic. While the evolution of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Cheonsu Jeong

Large language model powered autonomous agents demand robust, standardized protocols to integrate tools, share contextual data, and coordinate tasks across heterogeneous systems. Ad-hoc integrations are difficult to scale, secure, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Abul Ehtesham , Aditi Singh , Gaurav Kumar Gupta , Saket Kumar

Large language models and autonomous AI agents have evolved rapidly, resulting in a diverse array of evaluation benchmarks, frameworks, and collaboration protocols. Driven by the growing need for standardized evaluation and integration, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Mohamed Amine Ferrag , Norbert Tihanyi , Merouane Debbah

(M)LLM-powered computer use agents (CUA) are emerging as a transformative technique to automate human-computer interaction. However, existing CUA benchmarks predominantly target GUI agents, whose evaluation methods are susceptible to UI…