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The performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) often degrades when crucial information is in the middle of a long context, a "lost-in-the-middle" phenomenon that mirrors the primacy and recency effects in human memory. We propose that this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Nikolaus Salvatore , Hao Wang , Qiong Zhang

Positional bias in large language models (LLMs) hinders their ability to effectively process long inputs. A prominent example is the "lost in the middle" phenomenon, where LLMs struggle to utilize relevant information situated in the middle…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Runchu Tian , Yanghao Li , Yuepeng Fu , Siyang Deng , Qinyu Luo , Cheng Qian , Shuo Wang , Xin Cong , Zhong Zhang , Yesai Wu , Yankai Lin , Huadong Wang , Xiaojiang Liu

Large language models (LLMs), even when specifically trained to process long input contexts, struggle to capture relevant information located in the middle of their input. This phenomenon has been known as the lost-in-the-middle problem. In…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in zero-shot learning applications, generating responses to queries using only pre-training information without the need for additional fine-tuning. This represents a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Xiaobo Guo , Soroush Vosoughi

While recent language models have the ability to take long contexts as input, relatively little is known about how well they use longer context. We analyze the performance of language models on two tasks that require identifying relevant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-22 Nelson F. Liu , Kevin Lin , John Hewitt , Ashwin Paranjape , Michele Bevilacqua , Fabio Petroni , Percy Liang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become essential in many Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks, leveraging extensive pre-training and fine-tuning to achieve high accuracy. However, like humans, LLMs exhibit biases, particularly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Bianca Raimondi , Maurizio Gabbrielli

The ability of large language models (LLMs) to recall and retrieve information from long contexts is critical for many real-world applications. Prior work (Liu et al., 2023) reported that LLMs suffer significant drops in retrieval accuracy…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Max McKinnon

While large language models (LLMs) are equipped with longer text input capabilities than before, they are struggling to seek correct information in long contexts. The "lost in the middle" problem challenges most LLMs, referring to the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-15 Junqing He , Kunhao Pan , Xiaoqun Dong , Zhuoyang Song , Yibo Liu , Qianguo Sun , Yuxin Liang , Hao Wang , Enming Zhang , Jiaxing Zhang

LLMs have demonstrated remarkable proficiency in understanding tasks but continue to struggle with long-context comprehension, particularly with content located in the middle of extensive inputs. This limitation, known as the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-03 James Begin , Namit Agrawal , Eshan Singh , Yicheng Fu , Sean O'Brien , Vasu Sharma , Kevin Zhu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly applied in various real-world scenarios due to their excellent generalization capabilities and robust generative abilities. However, they exhibit position bias, also known as "lost in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Yijiong Yu , Huiqiang Jiang , Xufang Luo , Qianhui Wu , Chin-Yew Lin , Dongsheng Li , Yuqing Yang , Yongfeng Huang , Lili Qiu

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit positional bias, struggling to utilize information from the middle or end of long contexts. Our study explores LLMs' long-context reasoning by probing their hidden representations. We find that while…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Taiming Lu , Muhan Gao , Kuai Yu , Adam Byerly , Daniel Khashabi

Advancements in distributed training and efficient attention mechanisms have significantly expanded the context window sizes of large language models (LLMs). However, recent work reveals that the effective context lengths of open-source…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Chenxin An , Jun Zhang , Ming Zhong , Lei Li , Shansan Gong , Yao Luo , Jingjing Xu , Lingpeng Kong

The context window of large language models has been extended to 128k tokens or more. However, language models still suffer from position bias and have difficulty in accessing and using the middle part of the context due to the lack of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-26 Meiru Zhang , Zaiqiao Meng , Nigel Collier

This paper investigates the influence of cognitive biases on Large Language Models (LLMs) outputs. Cognitive biases, such as confirmation and availability biases, can distort user inputs through prompts, potentially leading to unfaithful…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Yan Sun , Stanley Kok

Large language models (LLMs) excel in abstractive summarization tasks, delivering fluent and pertinent summaries. Recent advancements have extended their capabilities to handle long-input contexts, exceeding 100k tokens. However, in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Mathieu Ravaut , Aixin Sun , Nancy F. Chen , Shafiq Joty

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit position bias systematically underweighting information based on its location in the context but how this bias varies across languages and models remains unclear. We conduct a multilingual study across…

Information retrieval in Large Language Models (LLMs) is increasingly recognized as intertwined with generation capabilities rather than mere lookup. While longer contexts are often assumed to improve retrieval, the effects of intra-context…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Chupei Wang , Jiaqiu Vince Sun

Despite significant advancements, Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit blind spots that impair their ability to retrieve and process relevant contextual data effectively. We demonstrate that LLM performance in graph tasks with complexities…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Hamed Firooz , Maziar Sanjabi , Wenlong Jiang , Xiaoling Zhai

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong performance on a variety of natural language processing (NLP) tasks. However, they often struggle with long-text sequences due to the ``lost in the middle'' phenomenon. This issue has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Zewen Qiang , Sendong Zhao , Haochun Wang , Bing Qin , Ting Liu

Language models often show a preference for using information from specific positions in the input regardless of semantic relevance. While positional bias has been studied in various contexts, from attention sinks to task performance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Maryam Rahimi , Mahdi Nouri , Yadollah Yaghoobzadeh
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