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The Metaverse, an immersive virtual world, has emerged as a shared space where people engage in various activities ranging from social interactions to commerce. Cryptocurrencies [3] and Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) [6] play pivotal roles…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-05-10 Syed Ali Asif , Emma Cao , Hang Chen , Chien-Chung Shen , Yan-Ming Chiou

Frontier AI safety claims - published assertions that a highly capable general-purpose model is below a threshold of concern, adequately mitigated, or suitable for release - increasingly shape model deployment, governance, and public trust.…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Varad Vishwarupe , Nigel Shadbolt , Marina Jirotka , Ivan Flechais

In this work, we provide a comprehensive survey of smart contract upgradability patterns using proxies. A primary characteristic of smart contracts on the Ethereum blockchain is that they are immutable once implemented, no changes can be…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-04-10 Sajad Meisami , William Edward Bodell

The Non-Fungible-Token (NFT) market has experienced explosive growth in recent years. According to DappRadar, the total transaction volume on OpenSea, the largest NFT marketplace, reached 34.7 billion dollars in February 2023. However, the…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2023-08-04 Mingxiao Song , Yunsong Liu , Agam Shah , Sudheer Chava

Over the last few years, there has been substantial research on automated analysis, testing, and debugging of Ethereum smart contracts. However, it is not trivial to compare and reproduce that research. To address this, we present…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-07-13 João F. Ferreira , Pedro Cruz , Thomas Durieux , Rui Abreu

Millions of smart contracts have been deployed onto the Ethereum platform, posing potential attack subjects. Therefore, analyzing contract binaries is vital since their sources are unavailable, involving identification comprising function…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-02-02 Jiahao He , Shuangyin Li , Xinming Wang , Shing-Chi Cheung , Gansen Zhao , Jinji Yang

The peer-to-peer (P2P) network of blockchain used to transport its transactions and blocks has a high impact on the efficiency and security of the system. The P2P network topologies of popular blockchains such as Bitcoin and Ethereum,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-03-30 Taotao Wang , Chonghe Zhao , Qing Yang , Shengli Zhang , Soung Chang Liew

Many implementations of smart contracts available in NFT marketplaces today allow the modification of NFT token attributes, without any specific mechanism to control the consistency with off-chain metadata. We believe this is a weakness in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-05-12 Denis Avrilionis , Thomas Hardjono

Today's world is witnessing an unparalleled rate of technological transformation. The emergence of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) has transformed how we handle digital assets and value. Despite their initial popularity, NFTs face declining…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Yi-Fan Cao , Reza Hadi Mogavi , Meng Xia , Leo Yu-Ho Lo , Xiao-Qing Zhang , Mei-Jia Luo , Lennart E. Nacke , Yang Wang , Huamin Qu

We hypothesize that peer-to-peer (P2P) overlay network nodes can be attractive to attackers due to their visibility, sustained uptime, and resource potential. Towards validating this hypothesis, we investigate the state of active…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Scott Seidenberger , Anindya Maiti

The Non-Fungible Token (NFT) is viewed as one of the important applications of blockchain technology. Although NFT has a large market scale and multiple practical standards, several limitations of the existing mechanism in NFT markets…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-08-02 Hongyin Chen , Yukun Cheng , Xiaotie Deng , Wenhan Huang , Linxuan Rong

With the rapid growth of the NFT market, the security of smart contracts has become crucial. However, existing AI-based detection models for NFT contract vulnerabilities remain limited due to their complexity, while traditional manual…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Xin Wang , Xiaoqi Li

Wash trading in decentralized markets remains a significant concern magnified by the pseudonymous and public nature of blockchains. In this paper we introduce an innovative methodology designed to detect wash trading activities beyond…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2023-12-29 Aleksandar Tošić , Niki Hrovatin , Jernej Vičič

Ethereum smart contracts are executable programs, deployed on a peer-to-peer network and executed in a consensus-based fashion. Their bytecode is public, immutable and once deployed to the blockchain, cannot be patched anymore. As smart…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-07-10 Konrad Weiss , Julian Schütte

As a blockchain platform that has developed vigorously in recent years, Ethereum is different from Bitcoin in that it introduces smart contracts into blockchain.Solidity is one of the most mature and widely used smart contract programming…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-11-25 Pengcheng Zhang , Feng Xiao , Xiapu Luo

Permissionless blockchains allow the execution of arbitrary programs (called smart contracts), enabling mutually untrusted entities to interact without relying on trusted third parties. Despite their potential, repeated security concerns…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-08-27 Petar Tsankov , Andrei Dan , Dana Drachsler Cohen , Arthur Gervais , Florian Buenzli , Martin Vechev

Ethereum smart contracts hold tens of billions of USD in DeFi and NFTs, yet comprehensive security analysis remains difficult due to unverified code, proxy-based architectures, and the reliance on manual inspection of complex execution…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Shuzheng Wang , Yue Huang , Zhuoer Xu , Yuming Huang , Jing Tang

In an increasingly digitized world, the secure management and trade of digital assets have become a pressing issue. This project aims to address this challenge by developing a decentralized application (dApp) that leverages blockchain…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2023-04-24 Piyush Batra , Gagan Raj Singh , Ritik Gandhi

In proof-of-work based blockchains such as Ethereum, verification of blocks is an integral part of establishing consensus across nodes. However, in Ethereum, miners do not receive a reward for verifying. This implies that miners face the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-04-28 Maher Alharby , Roben Castagna Lunardi , Amjad Aldweesh , Aad van Moorsel

Blockchain has widespread applications in the financial field but has also attracted increasing cybercrimes. Recently, phishing fraud has emerged as a major threat to blockchain security, calling for the development of effective regulatory…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2022-04-19 Panpan Li , Yunyi Xie , Xinyao Xu , Jiajun Zhou , Qi Xuan