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Human guidance has emerged as a powerful tool for enhancing reinforcement learning (RL). However, conventional forms of guidance such as demonstrations or binary scalar feedback can be challenging to collect or have low information content,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Giulio Schiavi , Andrei Cramariuc , Lionel Ott , Roland Siegwart

We apply preference modeling and reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) to finetune language models to act as helpful and harmless assistants. We find this alignment training improves performance on almost all NLP evaluations,…

Reinforcement Learning with Human Feedback (RLHF) has emerged as a key paradigm for task-specific fine-tuning of language models using human preference data. While numerous publicly available preference datasets provide pairwise comparisons…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Ashwin Kumar , Yuzi He , Aram H. Markosyan , Bobbie Chern , Imanol Arrieta-Ibarra

Reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) has become a cornerstone for aligning large language models with human preferences. However, the heterogeneity of human feedback, driven by diverse individual contexts and preferences, poses…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-05 Seong Jin Lee , Will Wei Sun , Yufeng Liu

Training-free guidance enables pre-trained diffusion and flow models to optimize application-specific objectives using feedback from external black-box reward functions. However, existing methods are feedback-inefficient because reward…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Kim Yong Tan , Yueming Lyu , Ivor Tsang , Yew-Soon Ong

The success of AI assistants based on language models (LLMs) hinges crucially on Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF), which enables the generation of responses more aligned with human preferences. As universal AI assistants,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Rui Zheng , Wei Shen , Yuan Hua , Wenbin Lai , Shihan Dou , Yuhao Zhou , Zhiheng Xi , Xiao Wang , Haoran Huang , Tao Gui , Qi Zhang , Xuanjing Huang

Reinforcement learning with human feedback for aligning large language models (LLMs) trains a reward model typically using ranking loss with comparison pairs.However, the training procedure suffers from an inherent problem: the uncontrolled…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-19 Hang Zhou , Chenglong Wang , Yimin Hu , Tong Xiao , Chunliang Zhang , Jingbo Zhu

The ability of reinforcement learning algorithms to learn effective policies is determined by the rewards available during training. However, for practical problems, obtaining large quantities of reward labels is often infeasible due to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Shreyas Chaudhari , Renhao Zhang , Philip S. Thomas , Bruno Castro da Silva

Aligning large visual generative models with human feedback is often performed through pairwise preference optimization. While such approaches are conceptually simple, they fundamentally rely on annotated pairs, limiting scalability in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Jinbin Bai , Yu Lei , Qingyu Shi , Aosong Feng , Yi Xin , Zhuoran Zhao , Fei Shen , Kaidong Yu , Jason Li

Faithfulness, expressiveness, and elegance is the constant pursuit in machine translation. However, traditional metrics like \textit{BLEU} do not strictly align with human preference of translation quality. In this paper, we explore…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Nuo Xu , Jun Zhao , Can Zu , Sixian Li , Lu Chen , Zhihao Zhang , Rui Zheng , Shihan Dou , Wenjuan Qin , Tao Gui , Qi Zhang , Xuanjing Huang

Preference-based feedback is important for many applications in machine learning where evaluation of a reward function is not feasible. Notable recent examples arise in preference alignment for large language models, including in…

Reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) is a vital strategy for enhancing model capability in language models. However, annotating preference data for RLHF is a resource-intensive and creativity-demanding process, while existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Taiwei Shi , Kai Chen , Jieyu Zhao

Live future prediction refers to the task of making predictions about real-world events before they unfold. This task is increasingly studied using large language model-based agent systems, and it is important for building agents that can…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Zhixin Han , Yanzhi Zhang , Chuyang Wei , Maohang Gao , Xiawei Yue , Kefei Chen , Yu Zhuang , Haoxiang Guan , Jiyan He , Jian Li , Yitong Duan , Yu Shi , Mengting Hu , Shuxin Zheng

Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) typically relies on static reward models to align Large Language Models with human preferences. However, human values are inherently diverse and heterogeneous, and a single reward model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Zhenyu Sun , Zheng Xu , Ermin Wei

Workers spend a significant amount of time learning how to make good decisions. Evaluating the efficacy of a given decision, however, can be complicated -- e.g., decision outcomes are often long-term and relate to the original decision in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Hamsa Bastani , Osbert Bastani , Wichinpong Park Sinchaisri

Learning from human feedback is a popular approach to train robots to adapt to user preferences and improve safety. Existing approaches typically consider a single querying (interaction) format when seeking human feedback and do not…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Yashwanthi Anand , Nnamdi Nwagwu , Kevin Sabbe , Naomi T. Fitter , Sandhya Saisubramanian

Sequential recommendation, where user preference is dynamically inferred from sequential historical behaviors, is a critical task in recommender systems (RSs). To further optimize long-term user engagement, offline…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-16 Jun Wang , Likang Wu , Qi Liu , Yu Yang

In session-based or sequential recommendation, it is important to consider a number of factors like long-term user engagement, multiple types of user-item interactions such as clicks, purchases etc. The current state-of-the-art supervised…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-12 Xin Xin , Alexandros Karatzoglou , Ioannis Arapakis , Joemon M. Jose

Nowadays, training and evaluating DeepResearch-generated reports remain challenging due to the lack of verifiable reward signals. Accordingly, rubric-based evaluation has become a common practice. However, existing approaches either rely on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Changze Lv , Jie Zhou , Wentao Zhao , Jingwen Xu , Zisu Huang , Muzhao Tian , Shihan Dou , Tao Gui , Le Tian , Xiao Zhou , Xiaoqing Zheng , Xuanjing Huang , Jie Zhou

The use of interactive advice in reinforcement learning scenarios allows for speeding up the learning process for autonomous agents. Current interactive reinforcement learning research has been limited to real-time interactions that offer…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-10-12 Francisco Cruz , Adam Bignold , Hung Son Nguyen , Richard Dazeley , Peter Vamplew
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