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The key challenge in the noisy intermediate-scale quantum era is finding useful circuits compatible with current device limitations. Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) offer a potential solution by fixing the circuit architecture and…

Differentiable quantum architecture search (DQAS) is a gradient-based framework to design quantum circuits automatically in the NISQ era. It was motivated by such as low fidelity of quantum hardware, low flexibility of circuit architecture,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-21 Yize Sun , Yunpu Ma , Volker Tresp

The limitations of Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices have motivated the development of Variational Quantum Algorithms (VQAs), which are designed to potentially achieve quantum advantage for specific tasks. Quantum Architecture…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-17 Junjian Su , Jiacheng Fan , Shengyao Wu , Guanghui Li , Sujuan Qin , Fei Gao

The development of quantum algorithms and their practical applications currently relies heavily on the efficient design, compilation, and optimization of quantum circuits. In particular, parametrized quantum circuits (PQCs), which serve as…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-14 Darya Martyniuk , Johannes Jung , Daniel Barta , Adrian Paschke

Designing quantum neural networks (QNNs) that are both accurate and deployable on NISQ hardware is challenging. Handcrafted ansatze must balance expressivity, trainability, and resource use, while limited qubits often necessitate circuit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-09 Kooshan Maleki , Alberto Marchisio , Muhammad Shafique

Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) are widely speculated to deliver quantum advantages for practical problems under the quantum-classical hybrid computational paradigm in the near term. Both theoretical and practical developments of VQAs…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-17 Shi-Xin Zhang , Chang-Yu Hsieh , Shengyu Zhang , Hong Yao

Quantum architecture Search (QAS) is a promising direction for optimization and automated design of quantum circuits towards quantum advantage. Recent techniques in QAS emphasize Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP)-based deep Q-networks. However,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-13 Akash Kundu , Aritra Sarkar , Abhishek Sadhu

Current quantum neural networks suffer from extreme sensitivity to both adversarial perturbations and hardware noise, creating a significant barrier to real-world deployment. Existing robustness techniques typically sacrifice clean accuracy…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-27 Mohamed Afane , Quanjiang Long , Haoting Shen , Ying Mao , Junaid Farooq , Ying Wang , Juntao Chen

Quantum architecture search (QAS) involves optimizing both the quantum parametric circuit configuration but also its parameters for a variational quantum algorithm. Thus, the problem is known to be multi-level as the performance of a given…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-30 Vicente P. Soloviev , Vedran Dunjko , Concha Bielza , Pedro Larrañaga , Hao Wang

This article explores search strategies for the design of parameterized quantum circuits. We propose several optimization approaches including random search plus survival of the fittest, reinforcement learning both with classical and hybrid…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-05 Mohammad Pirhooshyaran , Tamas Terlaky

Effective feature selection is essential for enhancing the performance of artificial intelligence models. It involves identifying feature combinations that optimize a given metric, but this is a challenging task due to the problem's…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-14 Anton S. Albino , Otto M. Pires , Mauro Q. Nooblath , Erick G. S. Nascimento

Designing effective quantum circuits remains a central challenge in quantum computing, as circuit structure strongly influences expressivity, trainability, and hardware feasibility. Current approaches, whether using manually designed…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Devroop Kar , Daniel Krutz , Travis Desell

Deploying quantum machine learning algorithms on near-term quantum hardware requires circuits that respect device-specific gate sets, connectivity constraints, and noise characteristics. We present a hardware-aware Neural Architecture…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-10 Adil Mubashir Chaudhry , Ali Raza Haider , Hanzla Khan , Muhammad Faryad

The current era of quantum computing has yielded several algorithms that promise high computational efficiency. While the algorithms are sound in theory and can provide potentially exponential speedup, there is little guidance on how to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-13 Ankit Kulshrestha , Danylo Lykov , Ilya Safro , Yuri Alexeev

The emergence of quantum reinforcement learning (QRL) is propelled by advancements in quantum computing (QC) and machine learning (ML), particularly through quantum neural networks (QNN) built on variational quantum circuits (VQC). These…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-26 Samuel Yen-Chi Chen

We introduce layered Quantum Architecture Search (layered-QAS), a strategy inspired by classical network morphism that designs Parametrised Quantum Circuit (PQC) architectures by progressively growing and adapting them. PQCs offer strong…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-23 Natacha Kuete Meli , Jovita Lukasik , Vladislav Golyanik , Michael Moeller

Machine learning with hierarchical quantum circuits, usually referred to as Quantum Convolutional Neural Networks (QCNNs), is a promising prospect for near-term quantum computing. The QCNN is a circuit model inspired by the architecture of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-05 Matt Lourens , Ilya Sinayskiy , Daniel K. Park , Carsten Blank , Francesco Petruccione

The automated design of parameterized quantum circuits for variational algorithms in the NISQ era faces a fundamental limitation, as conventional differentiable architecture search relies on classical models that fail to adequately…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-03 Yuxiang Liu , Sixuan Li , Fanxu Meng , Zaichen Zhang , Xutao Yu

Variational Quantum Algorithms (VQAs) are a leading approach to exploiting near-term quantum hardware, leveraging parameterized quantum circuits and classical optimization to achieve advantage. Despite their promise, the practical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-28 Tung Dao , Son Tran , Huynh Thi Thanh Binh

Quantum processors may enhance machine learning by mapping high-dimensional data onto quantum systems for processing. Conventional feature maps, for encoding data onto a quantum circuit are currently impractical, as the number of entangling…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-27 Utkarsh Singh , Jean-Frédéric Laprade , Aaron Z. Goldberg , Khabat Heshami