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Question-answering (QA) and reading comprehension (RC) benchmarks are commonly used for assessing the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) to retrieve and reproduce knowledge. However, we demonstrate that popular QA and RC…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Angelie Kraft , Judith Simon , Sonja Schimmler

The rapid growth of Large Language Models (LLMs) has put forward the study of biases as a crucial field. It is important to assess the influence of different types of biases embedded in LLMs to ensure fair use in sensitive fields. Although…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Jayanta Sadhu , Maneesha Rani Saha , Rifat Shahriyar

The emergence of Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) marks significant strides towards achieving general artificial intelligence. However, these advancements are accompanied by concerns about biased outputs, a challenge that has yet to be…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Sibo Wang , Xiangkui Cao , Jie Zhang , Zheng Yuan , Shiguang Shan , Xilin Chen , Wen Gao

Large Language Models have demonstrated strong multilingual fluency, yet fluency alone does not guarantee socially appropriate language use. In high-context languages, communicative competence requires sensitivity to social hierarchy,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Tanvir Ahmed Sijan , S. M Golam Rifat , Pankaj Chowdhury Partha , Md. Tanjeed Islam , Md. Musfique Anwar

The rapid advancement of large language models(LLMs) has intensified the need for domain and culture specific evaluation. Existing benchmarks are largely Anglocentric and domain-agnostic, limiting their applicability to India-centric…

Current social bias benchmarks for Large Language Models (LLMs) primarily rely on predefined question formats like multiple-choice, limiting their ability to reflect the complexity and open-ended nature of real-world interactions. To close…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Zhao Liu , Tian Xie , Xueru Zhang

As multilingual Large Language Models (LLMs) gain traction across South Asia, their alignment with local ethical norms, particularly for Bengali, spoken by over 285 million people worldwide and among the most widely spoken languages…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Shahriyar Zaman Ridoy , Azmine Toushik Wasi , Koushik Ahamed Tonmoy , Taki Hasan Rafi , Dong-Kyu Chae

Large Language Models (LLMs) have made significant progress in incorporating Indic languages within multilingual models. However, it is crucial to quantitatively assess whether these languages perform comparably to globally dominant ones,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Pritika Rohera , Chaitrali Ginimav , Akanksha Salunke , Gayatri Sawant , Raviraj Joshi

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been positioned as having the potential to expand access to health information in the Global South, yet their evaluation remains heavily dependent on benchmarks designed around Western norms. We present…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Sumon Kanti Dey , Manvi S , Zeel Mehta , Meet Shah , Unnati Agrawal , Suhani Jalota , Azra Ismail

Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained significant traction across critical domains owing to their impressive contextual understanding and generative capabilities. However, their increasing deployment in high stakes applications…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Santhosh G S , Akshay Govind S , Gokul S Krishnan , Balaraman Ravindran , Sriraam Natarajan

Language Models (LMs) are primarily evaluated on globally popular sports, often overlooking regional and indigenous sporting traditions. To address this gap, we introduce \textbf{\textit{CultSportQA}}, a benchmark designed to assess LMs'…

Within the context of Natural Language Processing (NLP), fairness evaluation is often associated with the assessment of bias and reduction of associated harm. In this regard, the evaluation is usually carried out by using a benchmark…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Shalaka Satheesh , Katrin Klug , Katharina Beckh , Héctor Allende-Cid , Sebastian Houben , Teena Hassan

Holistically measuring societal biases of large language models is crucial for detecting and reducing ethical risks in highly capable AI models. In this work, we present a Chinese Bias Benchmark dataset that consists of over 100K questions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-29 Yufei Huang , Deyi Xiong

Existing cultural commonsense benchmarks treat nations as monolithic, assuming uniform practices within national boundaries. But does cultural commonsense hold uniformly within a nation, or does it vary at the sub-national level? We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Sangmitra Madhusudan , Trush Shashank More , Steph Buongiorno , Renata Dividino , Jad Kabbara , Ali Emami

Bias is a disproportionate prejudice in favor of one side against another. Due to the success of transformer-based Masked Language Models (MLMs) and their impact on many NLP tasks, a systematic evaluation of bias in these models is needed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-11 Jeongrok Yu , Seong Ug Kim , Jacob Choi , Jinho D. Choi

An increasing number of studies have examined the social bias of rapidly developed large language models (LLMs). Although most of these studies have focused on bias occurring in a single social attribute, research in social science has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Hitomi Yanaka , Xinqi He , Jie Lu , Namgi Han , Sunjin Oh , Ryoma Kumon , Yuma Matsuoka , Katsuhiko Watabe , Yuko Itatsu

Large language models (LLMs) are approaching expert-level performance in medical question answering (QA), demonstrating strong potential to improve public healthcare. However, underlying biases related to sensitive attributes such as sex…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Ying Xiao , Jie Huang , Ruijuan He , Jing Xiao , Mohammad Reza Mousavi , Yepang Liu , Kezhi Li , Zhenpeng Chen , Jie M. Zhang

Despite the recent strides in large language models, studies have underscored the existence of social biases within these systems. In this paper, we delve into the validation and comparison of the ethical biases of LLMs concerning globally…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Seunguk Yu , Juhwan Choi , Youngbin Kim

Current evaluation benchmarks for question answering (QA) in Indic languages often rely on machine translation of existing English datasets. This approach suffers from bias and inaccuracies inherent in machine translation, leading to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-01 Vaishak Narayanan , Prabin Raj KP , Saifudheen Nouphal

While Large Language Models (LLM) have created a massive technological impact in the past decade, allowing for human-enabled applications, they can produce output that contains stereotypes and biases, especially when using low-resource…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Azmine Toushik Wasi , Raima Islam , Mst Rafia Islam , Taki Hasan Rafi , Dong-Kyu Chae