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The exponential growth of Large Language Models (LLMs) continues to highlight the need for efficient strategies to meet ever-expanding computational and data demands. This survey provides a comprehensive analysis of two complementary…

In recent years, deep learning has spread rapidly, and deeper, larger models have been proposed. However, the calculation cost becomes enormous as the size of the models becomes larger. Various techniques for compressing the size of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-20 Hideki Oki , Motoshi Abe , Junichi Miyao , Takio Kurita

Knowledge Distillation (KD) is a model-agnostic technique to improve model quality while having a fixed capacity budget. It is a commonly used technique for model compression, where a larger capacity teacher model with better quality is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-02 Jiaxi Tang , Rakesh Shivanna , Zhe Zhao , Dong Lin , Anima Singh , Ed H. Chi , Sagar Jain

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across diverse natural language processing tasks, but their tendency to memorize training data poses significant privacy risks, particularly during fine-tuning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Badrinath Ramakrishnan , Akshaya Balaji

Knowledge Distillation (KD) has emerged as a promising technique for model compression but faces critical limitations: (1) sensitivity to hyperparameters requiring extensive manual tuning, (2) capacity gap when distilling from very large…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Gustavo Coelho Haase , Paulo Henrique Dourado da Silva

Knowledge Distillation (KD) for Large Language Models (LLMs) has become increasingly important as models grow in size and complexity. While existing distillation approaches focus on imitating teacher behavior, they often overlook the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Yuang Cai , Yuyu Yuan

The concept of knowledge distillation (KD) describes the training of a student model from a teacher model and is a widely adopted technique in deep learning. However, it is still not clear how and why distillation works. Previous studies…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Giulia Lanzillotta , Felix Sarnthein , Gil Kur , Thomas Hofmann , Bobby He

A recent trend in Natural Language Processing is the exponential growth in Language Model (LM) size, which prevents research groups without a necessary hardware infrastructure from participating in the development process. This study…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Jan Philip Wahle

Large language models (LLMs) provide a promising way for accurate session-based recommendation (SBR), but they demand substantial computational time and memory. Knowledge distillation (KD)-based methods can alleviate these issues by…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Yingpeng Du , Zhu Sun , Ziyan Wang , Haoyan Chua , Jie Zhang , Yew-Soon Ong

Knowledge distillation (KD) is widely used for compressing a teacher model to a smaller student model, reducing its inference cost and memory footprint while preserving model capabilities. However, current KD methods for auto-regressive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Jongwoo Ko , Sungnyun Kim , Tianyi Chen , Se-Young Yun

Knowledge distillation (KD) has become an important technique for model compression and knowledge transfer. In this work, we first perform a comprehensive analysis of the knowledge transferred by different KD methods. We demonstrate that…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-07 Fei Ding , Yin Yang , Hongxin Hu , Venkat Krovi , Feng Luo

Pre-trained language models have been applied to various NLP tasks with considerable performance gains. However, the large model sizes, together with the long inference time, limit the deployment of such models in real-time applications.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-03 Haojie Pan , Chengyu Wang , Minghui Qiu , Yichang Zhang , Yaliang Li , Jun Huang

Knowledge Distillation (KD) compresses large language models (LLMs) by transferring the teacher model's capabilities to a smaller student model, reducing inference cost and memory usage while maintaining performance. However, existing KD…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Lingyuan Liu , Mengxiang Zhang

Knowledge distillation (KD) is a widely adopted approach for compressing large neural networks by transferring knowledge from a large teacher model to a smaller student model. In the context of large language models, token level KD,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Yihan Cao , Yanbin Kang , Zhengming Xing , Ruijie Jiang

Knowledge Distillation (KD) is a widely used technique to transfer knowledge from pre-trained teacher models to (usually more lightweight) student models. However, in certain situations, this technique is more of a curse than a blessing.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-18 Haoyu Ma , Tianlong Chen , Ting-Kuei Hu , Chenyu You , Xiaohui Xie , Zhangyang Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have exhibited impressive capabilities in various tasks, yet their vast parameter sizes restrict their applicability in resource-constrained settings. Knowledge distillation (KD) offers a viable solution by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Rongzhi Zhang , Jiaming Shen , Tianqi Liu , Haorui Wang , Zhen Qin , Feng Han , Jialu Liu , Simon Baumgartner , Michael Bendersky , Chao Zhang

Knowledge distillation (KD), as an efficient and effective model compression technique, has been receiving considerable attention in deep learning. The key to its success is to transfer knowledge from a large teacher network to a small…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-28 Liyuan Sun , Jianping Gou , Baosheng Yu , Lan Du , Dacheng Tao

Large Language Models (LLMs) have showcased exceptional capabilities in various domains, attracting significant interest from both academia and industry. Despite their impressive performance, the substantial size and computational demands…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Chuanpeng Yang , Wang Lu , Yao Zhu , Yidong Wang , Qian Chen , Chenlong Gao , Bingjie Yan , Yiqiang Chen

Deep learning models, particularly recurrent neural networks and their variants, such as long short-term memory, have significantly advanced time series data analysis. These models capture complex, sequential patterns in time series,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Nilushika Udayangani , Kishor Nandakishor , Marimuthu Palaniswami

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across a wide range of natural language processing (NLP) tasks. However, these models are often difficult to deploy due to significant computational requirements and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Vijay Goyal , Mustafa Khan , Aprameya Tirupati , Harveer Saini , Michael Lam , Kevin Zhu