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Large Language Models (LLMs) are known to produce hallucinations - factually incorrect or fabricated information - which poses significant challenges for many Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications, such as dialogue systems. As a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Xiangyan Chen , Yufeng Li , Yujian Gan , Arkaitz Zubiaga , Matthew Purver

This paper surveys evaluation techniques to enhance the trustworthiness and understanding of Large Language Models (LLMs). As reliance on LLMs grows, ensuring their reliability, fairness, and transparency is crucial. We explore algorithmic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Nik Bear Brown

While hallucinations of large language models (LLMs) prevail as a major challenge, existing evaluation benchmarks on factuality do not cover the diverse domains of knowledge that the real-world users of LLMs seek information about. To…

This paper presents a systematic defense of large language model (LLM) hallucinations or 'confabulations' as a potential resource instead of a categorically negative pitfall. The standard view is that confabulations are inherently…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Peiqi Sui , Eamon Duede , Sophie Wu , Richard Jean So

Hallucination, or the generation of incorrect or fabricated information, remains a critical challenge in large language models (LLMs), particularly in high-stake domains such as legal question answering (QA). In order to mitigate the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Yinghao Hu , Leilei Gan , Wenyi Xiao , Kun Kuang , Fei Wu

Despite their impressive capabilities, large language models (LLMs) are prone to hallucinations, i.e., generating content that deviates from facts seen during pretraining. We propose a simple decoding strategy for reducing hallucinations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Yung-Sung Chuang , Yujia Xie , Hongyin Luo , Yoon Kim , James Glass , Pengcheng He

Large language models (LLMs) have generated significant attention since their inception, finding applications across various academic and industrial domains. However, these models often suffer from the "hallucination problem", where…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Zikai Xie

Large language models (LLMs) are prone to hallucinations, i.e., nonsensical, unfaithful, and undesirable text. Users tend to overrely on LLMs and corresponding hallucinations which can lead to misinterpretations and errors. To tackle the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-05-22 Florian Leiser , Sven Eckhardt , Valentin Leuthe , Merlin Knaeble , Alexander Maedche , Gerhard Schwabe , Ali Sunyaev

The tendency for hallucination in current large language models (LLMs) negatively impacts dialogue systems. Such hallucinations produce factually incorrect responses that may mislead users and undermine system trust. Existing refinement…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Xiangyan Chen , Yujian Gan , Matthew Purver

Large language models (LLMs) hallucinate with confidence: their outputs can be fluent, authoritative, and simply wrong. In medical, legal, and scientific applications this failure causes direct harm, and detecting it from internal model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Khizar Hussain , Murat Kantarcioglu

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) suffer from hallucination issues, wherein the models generate plausible-sounding but factually incorrect outputs, undermining their reliability. A comprehensive quantitative evaluation is necessary to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Haoyi Qiu , Wenbo Hu , Zi-Yi Dou , Nanyun Peng

Large language models (LLMs) are susceptible to hallucinations -- factually incorrect outputs -- leading to a large body of work on detecting and mitigating such cases. We argue that it is important to distinguish between two types of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Adi Simhi , Jonathan Herzig , Idan Szpektor , Yonatan Belinkov

Large Language Models (LLMs) possess a remarkable capacity to generate persuasive and intelligible language. However, coherence does not equate to truthfulness, as the responses often contain subtle hallucinations. Existing benchmarks are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Alex Robertson , Huizhi Liang , Mahbub Gani , Rohit Kumar , Srijith Rajamohan

Large Language models (LLMs) show extraordinary abilities, but they are still prone to hallucinations, especially when we use them for generating Academic content. We have investigated four popular LLMs, ChatGPT, Grok, Gemini, and Copilot…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Humam Khan , Md Tabrez Nafis , Shahab Saquib Sohail , Aqeel Khalique , Rehan Hasan Khan

While large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable abilities across various fields, hallucination remains a significant challenge. Recent studies have explored hallucinations through the lens of internal representations,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Junteng Liu , Shiqi Chen , Yu Cheng , Junxian He

The remarkable performance of large language models (LLMs) in content generation, coding, and common-sense reasoning has spurred widespread integration into many facets of society. However, integration of LLMs raises valid questions on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Ola Shorinwa , Zhiting Mei , Justin Lidard , Allen Z. Ren , Anirudha Majumdar

Large Language Models often generate factually incorrect but plausible outputs, known as hallucinations. We identify a more insidious phenomenon, LLM delusion, defined as high belief hallucinations, incorrect outputs with abnormally high…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Hongshen Xu , Zixv yang , Zichen Zhu , Kunyao Lan , Zihan Wang , Mengyue Wu , Ziwei Ji , Lu Chen , Pascale Fung , Kai Yu

Faithfulness hallucinations are claims generated by a Large Language Model (LLM) not supported by contexts provided to the LLM. Lacking assessment standards, existing benchmarks focus on "factual statements" that rephrase source materials…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Xiaqiang Tang , Jian Li , Keyu Hu , Du Nan , Xiaolong Li , Xi Zhang , Weigao Sun , Sihong Xie

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) integrate image encoders with Large Language Models (LLMs) to process multi-modal inputs and perform complex visual tasks. However, they often generate hallucinations by describing non-existent objects…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Yaqi Sun , Kyohei Atarashi , Koh Takeuchi , Hisashi Kashima

LLMs often adopt an assertive language style also when making false claims. Such ``overconfident hallucinations'' mislead users and erode trust. Achieving the ability to express in language the actual degree of uncertainty around a claim is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Ziwei Ji , Lei Yu , Yeskendir Koishekenov , Yejin Bang , Anthony Hartshorn , Alan Schelten , Cheng Zhang , Pascale Fung , Nicola Cancedda