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A quantum system's state is identified with a density matrix. Though their probabilistic interpretation is rooted in ensemble theory, density matrices embody a known shortcoming. They do not completely express an ensemble's physical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-30 Fabio Anza , James P. Crutchfield

Quantum state tomography (QST) aims at estimating a quantum state from averaged quantum measurements made on copies of the state. Most quantum algorithms rely on QST at some point and it is a well explored topic in the literature, mostly…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-18 François Verdeil , Yannick Deville

Randomness is a key feature of quantum physics. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle reveals the existence of an intrinsic noise, usually explored through Gaussian squeezed states. Due to their insufficiency for quantum advantage, the focus…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-20 Vojtěch Kala , Jiří Fadrný , Michal Neset , Jan Bílek , Petr Marek , Miroslav Ježek

Given the state of a quantum system, one can calculate the expectation value of any observable of the system. However, the inverse problem of determining the state by performing different measurements is not a trivial task. In various…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-10-26 Bahar Mehmani , Theo M. Nieuwenhuizen

Quantum state tomography, a process that reconstructs a quantum state from measurements on an ensemble of identically prepared copies, plays a crucial role in benchmarking quantum devices. However, brute-force approaches to quantum state…

We introduce an operational and statistically meaningful measure, the quantum tomographic transfer function, that possesses important physical invariance properties for judging whether a given informationally complete quantum measurement…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-07-31 Jaroslav Rehacek , Yong Siah Teo , Zdenek Hradil

Quantum state tomography is a core task in quantum system identification. Real experimental conditions often deviate from nominal designs, introducing errors in both the measurement devices and the Hamiltonian governing the system's…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-16 Alan Chen , Shuixin Xiao , Hailan Ma , Daoyi Dong

In this sequence of papers, noncommutative analysis is used to give a consistent axiomatic approach to a unified conceptual foundation of classical and quantum physics. The present Part I defines the concepts of observables, states and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Arnold Neumaier

We introduce a new method to reconstruct unknown quantum states out of incomplete and noisy information. The method is a linear convex optimization problem, therefore with a unique minimum, which can be efficiently solved with Semidefinite…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-12-01 Thiago O. Maciel , André T. Cesário , Reinaldo O. Vianna

We propose an approach to reconstruct any superconducting charge qubit state by using quantum state tomography. This procedure requires a series of measurements on a large enough number of identically prepared copies of the quantum system.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 Yu-xi Liu , L. F. Wei , Franco Nori

Quantum state tomography is a daunting challenge of experimental quantum computing even in moderate system size. One way to boost the efficiency of state tomography is via local measurements on reduced density matrices, but the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-12-03 Tao Xin , Sirui Lu , Ningping Cao , Galit Anikeeva , Dawei Lu , Jun Li , Guilu Long , Bei Zeng

Two-qubit systems typically employ 36 projective measurements for high-fidelity tomographic estimation. The overcomplete nature of the 36 measurements suggests possible robustness of the estimation procedure to missing measurements. In this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-12-08 Onur Danaci , Sanjaya Lohani , Brian T. Kirby , Ryan T. Glasser

Quantum state tomography (QST), the process of reconstructing some unknown quantum state $\hat\rho$ from repeated measurements on copies of said state, is a foundationally important task in the context of quantum computation and simulation.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-21 Nathan Keenan , John Goold , Alex Nico-Katz

This paper proposes a novel and efficient key conditional quotient filter (KCQF) for the estimation of state in the nonlinear system which can be either Gaussian or non-Gaussian, and either Markovian or non-Markovian. The core idea of the…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-01-10 Yuelin Zhao , Feng Wu , Li Zhu

The quantum-to-classical transition of a quantum state is a topic of great interest in fundamental and practical aspects. A coarse-graining in quantum measurement has recently been suggested as its possible account in addition to the usual…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-06-10 Jiyong Park , Se-Wan Ji , Jaehak Lee , Hyunchul Nha

Quantum state tomography is the experimental procedure of determining an unknown state. It is not only essential for the verification of resources and processors of quantum information but is also important in its own right with regard to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-20 Mahn-Soo Choi

In this work we introduce a general scheme for measurement based quantum computation in continuous variables. Our approach does not necessarily rely on the use of ancillary cluster states to achieve its aim, but rather on the detection of a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-02-01 Giulia Ferrini , Jonathan Roslund , Francesco Arzani , Claude Fabre , Nicolas Treps

Quantum State Tomography (QST) is a fundamental technique in Quantum Information Processing (QIP) for reconstructing unknown quantum states. However, the conventional QST methods are limited by the number of measurements required, which…

Quantum state tomography is a key technique for quantum information processing, but is challenging due to the exponential growth of its complexity with the system size. In this work, we propose an algorithm which iteratively finds the best…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-13 Donghong Han , Chu Guo , Xiaoting Wang

We present an algebraic algorithm for quantum state tomography that leverages measurements of certain observables to estimate structured entries of the underlying density matrix. Under low-rank assumptions, the remaining entries can be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-18 Shakir Showkat Sofi , Charlotte Vermeylen , Lieven De Lathauwer