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Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in social science simulations. While their performance on reasoning and optimization tasks has been extensively evaluated, less attention has been paid to their ability to simulate human…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Yuanjun Feng , Vivek Choudhary , Yash Raj Shrestha

As Natural Language Generation (NLG) continues to be widely adopted, properly assessing it has become quite difficult. Lately, using large language models (LLMs) for evaluating these generations has gained traction, as they tend to align…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Rajarshi Haldar , Julia Hockenmaier

Evaluating Large Language Models (LLMs) often requires costly human annotations. To address this, LLM-based judges have been proposed, which compare the outputs of two LLMs enabling the ranking of models without human intervention. While…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 David Salinas , Omar Swelam , Frank Hutter

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit impressive performance across diverse domains but often suffer from overconfidence, limiting their reliability in critical applications. We propose SteerConf, a novel framework that systematically steers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Ziang Zhou , Tianyuan Jin , Jieming Shi , Qing Li

Large language models (LLMs) can already identify patterns and reason effectively, yet their variable accuracy hampers adoption in high-stakes decision-making applications. In this paper, we study this issue from a venture capital…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Rick Chen , Joseph Ternasky , Aaron Ontoyin Yin , Xianling Mu , Fuat Alican , Yigit Ihlamur

LLM-as-a-Judge has been widely adopted across various research and practical applications, yet the robustness and reliability of its evaluation remain a critical issue. A core challenge it faces is bias, which has primarily been studied in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Peng Lai , Zhihao Ou , Yong Wang , Longyue Wang , Jian Yang , Yun Chen , Guanhua Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs), including ChatGPT and LLaMA, are susceptible to generating hallucinated answers in a confident tone. While efforts to elicit and calibrate confidence scores have proven useful, recent findings show that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Lihu Chen , Alexandre Perez-Lebel , Fabian M. Suchanek , Gaël Varoquaux

Large Language Models (LLMs) are advancing at an amazing speed and have become indispensable across academia, industry, and daily applications. To keep pace with the status quo, this survey probes the core challenges that the rise of LLMs…

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as automated judges and synthetic labelers, especially in low-label settings. Yet these systems are stochastic and often overconfident, which makes deployment decisions difficult when…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Maxim Khomiakov , Jes Frellsen

LLM-as-a-Judge refers to the automatic modeling of preferences for responses generated by Large Language Models (LLMs), which is of significant importance for both LLM evaluation and reward modeling. Although generative LLMs have made…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Hui Huang , Yancheng He , Hongli Zhou , Rui Zhang , Wei Liu , Weixun Wang , Jiaheng Liu , Wenbo Su

As LLM-based judges become integral to industry applications, obtaining well-calibrated uncertainty estimates efficiently has become critical for production deployment. However, existing techniques, such as verbalized confidence and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Bhaktipriya Radharapu , Eshika Saxena , Kenneth Li , Chenxi Whitehouse , Adina Williams , Nicola Cancedda

The growing use of large language models (LLMs) has increased the need for automatic evaluation systems, particularly to address the challenge of information hallucination. Although existing faithfulness evaluation approaches have shown…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Carlo Alfano , Aymen Al Marjani , Zeno Jonke , Amin Mantrach , Saab Mansour , Marcello Federico

Recent advances in Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have predominantly focused on enhancing visual perception to improve accuracy. However, a critical question remains unexplored: Do models know when they do not know? Through a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Yuetian Du , Yucheng Wang , Rongyu Zhang , Zhijie Xu , Boyu Yang , Ming Kong , Jie Liu , Qiang Zhu

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated great potential for domain-specific applications, such as the law domain. However, recent disputes over GPT-4's law evaluation raise questions concerning their performance in real-world legal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-19 Ruihao Shui , Yixin Cao , Xiang Wang , Tat-Seng Chua

Large language models (LLMs) distinguish themselves from previous technologies by functioning as collaborative ``thought partners,'' capable of engaging more fluidly in natural language on a range of tasks. As LLMs increasingly influence…

The evaluation of large language model (LLM) outputs is increasingly performed by other LLMs, a setup commonly known as "LLM-as-a-judge", or autograders. While autograders offer a scalable alternative to human evaluation, they have shown…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Magda Dubois , Harry Coppock , Mario Giulianelli , Timo Flesch , Lennart Luettgau , Cozmin Ududec

This paper surveys evaluation techniques to enhance the trustworthiness and understanding of Large Language Models (LLMs). As reliance on LLMs grows, ensuring their reliability, fairness, and transparency is crucial. We explore algorithmic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Nik Bear Brown

Effective evaluation of large language models (LLMs) remains a critical bottleneck, as conventional direct scoring often yields inconsistent and opaque judgments. In this work, we adapt the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to LLM-based…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Yulong He , Ivan Smirnov , Dmitry Fedrushkov , Sergey Kovalchuk , Ilya Revin

LLM-as-a-Judge pipelines have become the de facto evaluator for agent safety, yet existing benchmarks treat their verdicts as ground-truth proxies without checking whether the verdicts depend on the agent's behavior or merely on how the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Shihao Weng , Yang Feng , Xiaofei Xie

The widespread adoption of web applications has made their security a critical concern and has increased the need for systematic ways to assess whether they can be considered trustworthy. However, "trust" assessment remains an open problem…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Oleksandr Yarotskyi , José D'Abruzzo Pereira , João R. Campos
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