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Large Language Models (LLMs) have increasingly become pivotal in content generation with notable societal impact. These models hold the potential to generate content that could be deemed harmful.Efforts to mitigate this risk include…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Kexin Chen , Yi Liu , Dongxia Wang , Jiaying Chen , Wenhai Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved impressive performance across diverse natural language processing tasks, but their growing power also amplifies potential risks such as jailbreak attacks that circumvent built-in safety mechanisms.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Qinjian Zhao , Jiaqi Wang , Zhiqiang Gao , Zhihao Dou , Belal Abuhaija , Kaizhu Huang

Large language models (LLMs) are rapidly deployed in critical applications, raising urgent needs for robust safety benchmarking. We propose Jailbreak Distillation (JBDistill), a novel benchmark construction framework that "distills"…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Jingyu Zhang , Ahmed Elgohary , Xiawei Wang , A S M Iftekhar , Ahmed Magooda , Benjamin Van Durme , Daniel Khashabi , Kyle Jackson

ScenarioBench is a policy-grounded, trace-aware benchmark for evaluating Text-to-SQL and retrieval-augmented generation in compliance contexts. Each YAML scenario includes a no-peek gold-standard package with the expected decision, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Zahra Atf , Peter R Lewis

Large language models (LLMs) generate human-aligned content under certain safety constraints. However, the current known technique ``jailbreak prompt'' can circumvent safety-aligned measures and induce LLMs to output malicious content.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Xi Wang , Songlei Jian , Shasha Li , Xiaopeng Li , Bin Ji , Jun Ma , Xiaodong Liu , Jing Wang , Feilong Bao , Jianfeng Zhang , Baosheng Wang , Jie Yu

With the rapid advancements in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), securing these models against malicious inputs while aligning them with human values has emerged as a critical challenge. In this paper, we investigate an important…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Weidi Luo , Siyuan Ma , Xiaogeng Liu , Xiaoyu Guo , Chaowei Xiao

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have become integral to a wide range of real-world applications by jointly reasoning over text and visual inputs. However, despite recent advances in safety alignment, MLLMs remain vulnerable to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Xinkai Wang , Beibei Li , Zerui Shao , Ao Liu , Guangquan Xu , Shouling Ji

This paper provides a systematic survey of jailbreak attacks and defenses on Large Language Models (LLMs) and Vision-Language Models (VLMs), emphasizing that jailbreak vulnerabilities stem from structural factors such as incomplete training…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Zejian Chen , Chaozhuo Li , Chao Li , Xi Zhang , Litian Zhang , Yiming He

Accurately determining whether a jailbreak attempt has succeeded is a fundamental yet unresolved challenge. Existing evaluation methods rely on misaligned proxy indicators or naive holistic judgments. They frequently misinterpret model…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Junjie Chu , Mingjie Li , Ziqing Yang , Ye Leng , Chenhao Lin , Chao Shen , Michael Backes , Yun Shen , Yang Zhang

Automated \enquote{LLM-as-a-Judge} frameworks have become the de facto standard for scalable evaluation across natural language processing. For instance, in safety evaluation, these judges are relied upon to evaluate harmfulness in order to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Leo Schwinn , Moritz Ladenburger , Tim Beyer , Mehrnaz Mofakhami , Gauthier Gidel , Stephan Günnemann

Multi-turn jailbreaks exploit the ability of large language models to accumulate and act on conversational context. Instead of stating a harmful request directly, an attacker can gradually steer the conversation toward an unsafe answer.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Xinkai Zhang , Zhipeng Wei , Huanli Gong , Jing Ting Zheng , Yuchen Zhang , Yue Dong , N. Benjamin Erichson

Although Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant capabilities in executing complex tasks in a zero-shot manner, they are susceptible to jailbreak attacks and can be manipulated to produce harmful outputs. Recently, a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Zhao Xu , Fan Liu , Hao Liu

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across various applications, highlighting the urgent need for comprehensive safety evaluations. In particular, the enhanced Chinese language proficiency of LLMs,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Shuyi Liu , Simiao Cui , Haoran Bu , Yuming Shang , Xi Zhang

Jailbreak attacks on large language models (LLMs) involve inducing these models to generate harmful content that violates ethics or laws, posing a significant threat to LLM security. Current jailbreak attacks face two main challenges: low…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Yuqi Zhou , Lin Lu , Hanchi Sun , Pan Zhou , Lichao Sun

Large language models (LLMs) are widely applied in various fields of society due to their powerful reasoning, understanding, and generation capabilities. However, the security issues associated with these models are becoming increasingly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Yanxu Mao , Peipei Liu , Tiehan Cui , Zhaoteng Yan , Congying Liu , Datao You

Jailbreak attacks cause large language models (LLMs) to generate harmful, unethical, or otherwise objectionable content. Evaluating these attacks presents a number of challenges, which the current collection of benchmarks and evaluation…

Text-to-image (T2I) models can generate not-safe-for-work (NSFW) content, motivating multi-stage safety pipelines with both text and image filters. Newer LLM-based filters detect latent intent beyond keywords, making token-level…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Zixuan Chen , Hao Lin , Ke Xu , Xinghao Jiang , Tanfeng Sun

Prior work on jailbreak detection has established the importance of adversarial robustness for LLMs but has largely focused on the model ability to resist adversarial inputs and to output safe content, rather than the effectiveness of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Hadrien Mariaccia , Charbel-Raphaël Segerie , Diego Dorn

Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable performance across a wide range of visual reasoning tasks, yet their vulnerability to safety risks remains a pressing concern. While prior research primarily focuses on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Ce Zhang , Jinxi He , Junyi He , Katia Sycara , Yaqi Xie

Large language models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to sophisticated prompt engineering attacks that exploit contextual framing to bypass safety mechanisms, posing significant risks in cybersecurity applications. We introduce Jailbreak Mimicry,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Pavlos Ntais