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Atmospheric turbulence poses a significant challenge to free-space measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (FSO MDI-QKD) by inducing polarization decoherence and depolarization, which degrade the secret key rate (SKR). In…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-03 Heyang Peng , Seid Koudia , Symeon Chatzinotas

We analyze the performance of a free-space optical (FSO) link affected by atmospheric turbulence and line-of-sight (LOS) blockage. For this purpose, the atmospheric turbulence induced fading is modeled by the M-distribution, which includes…

Entanglement-based quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols, such as E91 and BBM92, offer strong information-theoretic security and are naturally suited for satellite-to-satellite QKD (SatQKD) links. However, implementing these protocols…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-27 Mohammad Taghi Dabiri , Mazen Hasna , Saif Al-Kuwari , Khalid Qaraqe

In this paper, we investigate the performance of the dual-hop free space optical (FSO) communication systems under the effect of strong atmospheric turbulence together with misalignment effects (pointing error). We consider a relay assisted…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2017-09-19 Neha Mishra , D. Sriram Kumar , Pranav Kumar Jha

In this paper we present a novel analysis of the feasibility of quantum key distribution between a LEO satellite and a ground station. First of all, we study signal propagation through a turbulent atmosphere for uplinks and downlinks,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-13 Cristian Bonato , Andrea Tomaello , Vania Da Deppo , Giampiero Naletto , Paolo Villoresi

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the link budget for free-space optical systems involving Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellites. We develop a detailed model of the satellite-to-ground channel that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-17 Artur Czerwinski , Jakub J. Borkowski , Saeed Haddadi

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a pioneering quantum technology on the brink of widespread deployment. Nevertheless, the distribution of secret keys beyond a few 100 kilometers at practical rates remains a major challenge. One approach to…

Optical quantum communication utilizing satellite platforms has the potential to extend the reach of quantum key distribution (QKD) from terrestrial limits of ~200 km to global scales. We have developed a thorough numerical simulation using…

Atmospheric turbulence generally limits free-space optical (FSO) communications, and this problem is severely exacerbated when implementing highly sensitive and spectrally efficient coherent detection. Specifically, turbulence induces power…

Intermodal quantum key distribution at telecom wavelengths provides a hybrid interface between fiber connections and free-space links, both essential for the realization of scalable and interoperable quantum networks. Although demonstrated…

The free-space optical (FSO) communications can achieve high capacity with huge unlicensed optical spectrum and low operational costs. The corresponding performance analysis of FSO systems over turbulence channels is very limited,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-11-18 Jiayi Zhang , Linglong Dai , Yanjun Han , Yu Zhang , Zhaocheng Wang

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a cryptographic solution that leverages the properties of quantum mechanics to be resistant and secure even against an attacker with unlimited computational power. Satellite-based links are important in QKD…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-10 Thomas Scarinzi , Davide Orsucci , Marco Ferrari , Luca Barletta

Satellite-based free-space quantum key distribution (QKD) provides a practical framework for achieving secure global communication beyond the limitations of optical fibers. In this work, the quantum bit error rate (QBER) and secure key rate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-14 Muskan , Ramniwas Meena , Subhashish Banerjee

Future quantum networks will be composed of both terrestrial links for metropolitan and continent-scale connections and space-based links for global coverage and infrastructure resilience. However, the propagation of quantum signals through…

In this work, we explore the feasibility of performing satellite-to-Earth quantum key distribution (QKD) using the orbital angular momentum (OAM) of light. Due to the fragility of OAM states the conventional wisdom is that turbulence would…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-12-11 Ziqing Wang , Robert Malaney , Benjamin Burnett

To effectively mitigate the influence of atmospheric turbulence, a novel discrete-time analog transmission free-space optical (DTAT-FSO) communication scheme is proposed. It directly maps information sources to discrete-time analog symbols…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-30 Hongyu Huang , Zhenming Yu , Yi Lei , Wei Zhang , Yongli Zhao , Shanguo Huang , Kun Xu

With the goal of a space-based quantum network is to have satellites distribute keys between any nodes on the ground, we consider an evolved quantum network from a near-term form, in which a space-based relay, satellite executes a sequence…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-11 Xingyu Wang , Chen Dong , Jiahua Wei , Tianyi Wu , Taoyong Li , Huicun Yu , Lei Shi , Shanghong Zhao

We describe an experimental implementation of a free-space 11-dimensional communication system using orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes. This system has a maximum measured OAM channel capacity of 2.12 bits/photon. The effects of…

The Gaussian modulated continuous variable quantum key distribution (GM-CVQKD) protocol is known to maximise the mutual information between two parties during quantum key distribution (QKD). An alternative modulation scheme is the discrete…

In recent years, free space optical (FSO) communication has gained significant importance owing to its unique features: large bandwidth, license free spectrum, high data rate, easy and quick deployability, less power and low mass…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2015-06-17 Hemani Kaushal , Georges Kaddoum