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Large language models (LLMs) have gained significant attention in various fields but prone to hallucination, especially in knowledge-intensive (KI) tasks. To address this, retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has emerged as a popular…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Xiaoxi Li , Zhicheng Dou , Yujia Zhou , Fangchao Liu

Single-step retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) provides an efficient way to incorporate external information for simple question answering tasks but struggles with complex questions. Agentic RAG extends this paradigm by replacing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Yijia Zheng , Marcel Worring

With the recent remarkable advancement of large language models (LLMs), there has been a growing interest in utilizing them in the domains with highly sensitive data that lies outside their training data. For this purpose,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Tatsuki Koga , Ruihan Wu , Zhiyuan Zhang , Kamalika Chaudhuri

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has shown significant improvements in various natural language processing tasks by integrating the strengths of large language models (LLMs) and external knowledge databases. However, RAG introduces long…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-04-26 Chao Jin , Zili Zhang , Xuanlin Jiang , Fangyue Liu , Xin Liu , Xuanzhe Liu , Xin Jin

Medical question answering (QA) requires extensive access to domain-specific knowledge. A promising direction is to enhance large language models (LLMs) with external knowledge retrieved from medical corpora or parametric knowledge stored…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Lei Li , Xiao Zhou , Yingying Zhang , Xian Wu

Retrieval-augmented Generation (RAG) has demonstrated potential in enhancing medical question-answering systems through the integration of large language models (LLMs) with external medical literature. LLMs can retrieve relevant medical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Mengzhou Sun , Sendong Zhao , Jianyu Chen , Haochun Wang , Bin Qin

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) faces challenges related to factual correctness, source attribution, and response completeness. The LiveRAG Challenge hosted at SIGIR'25 aims to advance RAG research using a fixed corpus and a shared,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Weronika Łajewska , Ivica Kostric , Gabriel Iturra-Bocaz , Mariam Arustashvili , Krisztian Balog

In domains such as materials science, biomedicine, and finance, high-stakes deployment of large language models (LLMs) requires injecting private, domain-specific knowledge that is proprietary, fast-evolving, and under-represented in public…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Rongji Li , Jian Xu , Yi Chen , Xueqing Chen , Yisheng Yang , Jiayi Wang , Xingyu Chen , Chunyu Xie , Dawei Leng , Xu-Yao Zhang

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has gained significant popularity in modern Large Language Models (LLMs) due to its effectiveness in introducing new knowledge and reducing hallucinations. However, the deep understanding of RAG remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Jingyu Liu , Jiaen Lin , Yong Liu

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a widely adopted approach for knowledge injection during large language model (LLM) inference in recent years. However, due to their limited ability to exploit fine-grained inter-document…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Weitao Li , Kaiming Liu , Xiangyu Zhang , Xuanyu Lei , Weizhi Ma , Yang Liu

Existing retrieval-augmented code generation (RACG) methods typically use an external retrieval module to fetch semantically similar code snippets used for generating subsequent fragments. However, even for consecutive code fragments, the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Qian Dong , Jia Chen , Qingyao Ai , Hongning Wang , Haitao Li , Yi Wu , Yao Hu , Yiqun Liu , Shaoping Ma

Knowledge is inherently time-sensitive and continuously evolves over time. Although current Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems enrich LLMs with external knowledge, they largely ignore this temporal nature. This raises two…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Jiale Han , Austin Cheung , Yubai Wei , Zheng Yu , Xusheng Wang , Bing Zhu , Yi Yang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly integrating memory functionalities to provide personalized and context-aware interactions. However, user understanding, practices and expectations regarding these memory systems are not yet well…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Shuning Zhang , Rongjun Ma , Ying Ma , Shixuan Li , Yiqun Xu , Xin Yi , Hewu Li

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a key paradigm for enhancing large language models (LLMs) by incorporating external knowledge. However, current RAG methods face two limitations: (1) they only cover limited RAG scenarios.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Wanlong Liu , Junying Chen , Ke Ji , Li Zhou , Wenyu Chen , Benyou Wang

Retrieval augmented generation (RAG), while effectively integrating external knowledge to address the inherent limitations of large language models (LLMs), can be hindered by imperfect retrieval that contain irrelevant, misleading, or even…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Fei Wang , Xingchen Wan , Ruoxi Sun , Jiefeng Chen , Sercan Ö. Arık

Language model pre-training has been shown to capture a surprising amount of world knowledge, crucial for NLP tasks such as question answering. However, this knowledge is stored implicitly in the parameters of a neural network, requiring…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-02-21 Kelvin Guu , Kenton Lee , Zora Tung , Panupong Pasupat , Ming-Wei Chang

Large Language Models (LLMs), although powerful in general domains, often perform poorly on domain-specific tasks such as medical question answering (QA). In addition, LLMs tend to function as "black-boxes", making it challenging to modify…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-19 Yucheng Shi , Shaochen Xu , Tianze Yang , Zhengliang Liu , Tianming Liu , Quanzheng Li , Xiang Li , Ninghao Liu

Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) is a promising technique for mitigating two key limitations of large language models (LLMs): outdated information and hallucinations. RAG system stores documents as embedding vectors in a database. Given…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Taehee Jeong , Xingzhe Zhao , Peizu Li , Markus Valvur , Weihua Zhao

Adaptive retrieval-augmented generation (ARAG) aims to dynamically determine the necessity of retrieval for queries instead of retrieving indiscriminately to enhance the efficiency and relevance of the sourced information. However, previous…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Zihan Zhang , Meng Fang , Ling Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in data synthesis but can be inaccurate in domain-specific tasks, which retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems address by leveraging user-provided data. However, RAGs require optimization in both…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Kazi Ahmed Asif Fuad , Lizhong Chen