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By treating visual tokens from visual encoders as text tokens, Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable progress across diverse visual understanding tasks, leveraging the robust architectures of Large Language…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Zeliang Zhang , Phu Pham , Wentian Zhao , Kun Wan , Yu-Jhe Li , Jianing Zhou , Daniel Miranda , Ajinkya Kale , Chenliang Xu

Although large vision-language models (LVLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in multi-modal understanding and reasoning, their practical applications are still limited by massive model parameters and high computational costs.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Ji Ma , Wei Suo , Peng Wang , Yanning Zhang

Pre-trained vision-language models (VLMs) have achieved impressive results in a range of vision-language tasks. However, popular VLMs usually consist of hundreds of millions of parameters which brings challenges for fine-tuning and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Tiannan Wang , Wangchunshu Zhou , Yan Zeng , Xinsong Zhang

Token reduction accelerates Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) by reducing excessive tokens, but overlooks structural redundancy differences, where critical and redundant modules process identical token loads. For fine-grained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Aoming Liu , Reuben Tan , Boqing Gong , Bryan A. Plummer

Vision Transformer (ViT) has achieved impressive results across various vision tasks, yet its high computational cost limits practical applications. Recent methods have aimed to reduce ViT's $O(n^2)$ complexity by pruning unimportant…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Yi-Kuan Hsieh , Jun-Wei Hsieh , Xin Li , Yu-Ming Chang , Yu-Chee Tseng

Recent advancements in vision-language models (VLMs) have improved performance by increasing the number of visual tokens, which are often significantly longer than text tokens. However, we observe that most real-world scenarios do not…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Senqiao Yang , Junyi Li , Xin Lai , Bei Yu , Hengshuang Zhao , Jiaya Jia

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) encounter significant computational and memory bottlenecks from the massive number of visual tokens generated by high-resolution images or multi-image inputs. Previous token compression techniques…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Jiaying Zhu , Yurui Zhu , Xin Lu , Wenrui Yan , Dong Li , Kunlin Liu , Xueyang Fu , Zheng-Jun Zha

A well-known dilemma in large vision-language models (e.g., GPT-4, LLaVA) is that while increasing the number of vision tokens generally enhances visual understanding, it also significantly raises memory and computational costs, especially…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-30 Shiwei Wu , Joya Chen , Kevin Qinghong Lin , Qimeng Wang , Yan Gao , Qianli Xu , Tong Xu , Yao Hu , Enhong Chen , Mike Zheng Shou

Visual language models encounter challenges in computational efficiency and latency, primarily due to the substantial redundancy in the token representations of high-resolution images and videos. Current attention/similarity-based…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Dehua Zheng , Mouxiao Huang , Borui Jiang , Hailin Hu , Xinghao Chen

Large-scale vision language (VL) models use Transformers to perform cross-modal interactions between the input text and image. These cross-modal interactions are computationally expensive and memory-intensive due to the quadratic complexity…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Qingqing Cao , Bhargavi Paranjape , Hannaneh Hajishirzi

Despite the great success of Large Vision Language Models (LVLMs), their high computational cost severely limits their broad applications. The computational cost of LVLMs mainly stems from the visual sequence of the input, which consists of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Mingyu Fu , Wei Suo , Ji Ma , Lin Yuanbo Wu , Peng Wang , Yanning Zhang

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) have shown strong performance across various multimodal tasks by leveraging the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, processing visually complex and information-rich images,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Mincheol Kwon , Minseung Lee , Seonga Choi , Miso Choi , Kyeong-Jin Oh , Hyunyoung Lee , Cheonyoung Park , Yongho Song , Seunghyun Park , Jinkyu Kim

In multimodal large language models (MLLMs), the length of input visual tokens is often significantly greater than that of their textual counterparts, leading to a high inference cost. Many works aim to address this issue by removing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Qizhe Zhang , Mengzhen Liu , Lichen Li , Ming Lu , Yuan Zhang , Junwen Pan , Qi She , Shanghang Zhang

Vision-Language Models suffer severe KV cache pressure at inference, as a single image often encodes into thousands of tokens. Most existing methods exploit token sparsity through token pruning, but permanently discarding visual content…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Beomseok Kang , Dongwon Jo , Jiwon Song , Donghwee Son , Jae-Joon Kim

The vision tokens in multimodal large language models usually exhibit significant spatial and temporal redundancy and take up most of the input tokens, which harms their inference efficiency. To solve this problem, some recent works were…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Ting Liu , Liangtao Shi , Richang Hong , Yue Hu , Quanjun Yin , Linfeng Zhang

Vision Transformers (ViTs) excel in semantic segmentation but demand significant computation, posing challenges for deployment on resource-constrained devices. Existing token pruning methods often overlook fundamental visual data…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-28 Yuanbing Ouyang , Yizhuo Liang , Qingpeng Li , Xinfei Guo , Yiming Luo , Di Wu , Hao Wang , Yushan Pan

Visual token reduction lowers inference costs caused by extensive image features in large vision-language models (LVLMs). Unlike relevant studies that prune tokens in self-attention-only LVLMs, our work uniquely addresses…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Jewon Lee , Ki-Ung Song , Seungmin Yang , Donguk Lim , Jaeyeon Kim , Wooksu Shin , Bo-Kyeong Kim , Yong Jae Lee , Tae-Ho Kim

The practical application of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) to Video Question Answering (Video-QA) is severely hindered by the high token cost of processing numerous video frames. While keyframe selection is the dominant strategy…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Shaoguang Wang , Weiyu Guo , Ziyang Chen , Yijie Xu , Xuming Hu , Hui Xiong

Video large language models (Vid-LLMs) have shown strong capabilities in understanding video content. However, their reliance on dense video token representations introduces substantial memory and computational overhead in both prefilling…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Yicheng Ji , Jun Zhang , Heming Xia , Jinpeng Chen , Lidan Shou , Gang Chen , Huan Li

Learning a versatile language-image model is computationally prohibitive under a limited computing budget. This paper delves into the \emph{efficient language-image pre-training}, an area that has received relatively little attention…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Yangyang Guo , Haoyu Zhang , Yongkang Wong , Liqiang Nie , Mohan Kankanhalli