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Large Language Models (LLMs) are becoming essential tools for various natural language processing tasks but often suffer from generating outdated or incorrect information. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) addresses this issue by…

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) offers a well-established path to grounding large language model (LLM) outputs in external knowledge, yet the question of which retrieval strategy works best in a high-stakes domain such as biomedicine…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Devi Prasad Bal , Subhashree Puhan

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has gained significant attention in recent years for its potential to enhance natural language understanding and generation by combining large-scale retrieval systems with generative models. RAG…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Mingyue Cheng , Yucong Luo , Jie Ouyang , Qi Liu , Huijie Liu , Li Li , Shuo Yu , Bohou Zhang , Jiawei Cao , Jie Ma , Daoyu Wang , Enhong Chen

Memory, additional information beyond the training of large language models (LLMs), is crucial to various real-world applications, such as personal assistant. The two mainstream solutions to incorporate memory into the generation process…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Jiale Wei , Shuchi Wu , Ruochen Liu , Xiang Ying , Jingbo Shang , Fangbo Tao

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is a promising method for addressing some of the memory-related challenges associated with Large Language Models (LLMs). Two separate systems form the RAG pipeline, the retriever and the reader, and the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-13 Alexandria Leto , Cecilia Aguerrebere , Ishwar Bhati , Ted Willke , Mariano Tepper , Vy Ai Vo

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems rely on retrieval models for identifying relevant contexts and answer generation models for utilizing those contexts. However, retrievers exhibit imperfect recall and precision, limiting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Jerry Huang , Siddarth Madala , Risham Sidhu , Cheng Niu , Hao Peng , Julia Hockenmaier , Tong Zhang

The Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) framework introduces a retrieval module to dynamically inject retrieved information into the input context of large language models (LLMs), and has demonstrated significant success in various NLP…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Yi Jiang , Sendong Zhao , Jianbo Li , Haochun Wang , Bing Qin

In this paper, we analyze and empirically show that the learned relevance for conventional information retrieval (IR) scenarios may be inconsistent in retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) scenarios. To bridge this gap, we introduce OpenRAG,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Jiawei Zhou , Lei Chen

This study develops a question-answering system based on Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) using Chinese Wikipedia and Lawbank as retrieval sources. Using TTQA and TMMLU+ as evaluation datasets, the system employs BGE-M3 for dense vector…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-01-17 Te-Lun Yang , Jyi-Shane Liu , Yuen-Hsien Tseng , Jyh-Shing Roger Jang

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) represents a major advancement in natural language processing (NLP), combining large language models (LLMs) with information retrieval systems to enhance factual grounding, accuracy, and contextual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Agada Joseph Oche , Ademola Glory Folashade , Tirthankar Ghosal , Arpan Biswas

Humans understand long and complex texts by relying on a holistic semantic representation of the content. This global view helps organize prior knowledge, interpret new information, and integrate evidence dispersed across a document, as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Yuqing Li , Jiangnan Li , Zheng Lin , Ziyan Zhou , Junjie Wu , Weiping Wang , Jie Zhou , Mo Yu

Large language models (LLMs) excel in question-answering (QA) tasks, and retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) enhances their precision by incorporating external evidence from diverse sources like web pages, databases, and knowledge graphs.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Yikuan Xia , Jiazun Chen , Yirui Zhan , Suifeng Zhao , Weipeng Jiang , Chaorui Zhang , Wei Han , Bo Bai , Jun Gao

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is an effective approach to enhance the factual accuracy of large language models (LLMs) by retrieving information from external databases, which are typically composed of diverse sources, to supplement…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Jeongyeon Hwang , Junyoung Park , Hyejin Park , Dongwoo Kim , Sangdon Park , Jungseul Ok

Transformers have a quadratic scaling of computational complexity with input size, which limits the input context window size of large language models (LLMs) in both training and inference. Meanwhile, retrieval-augmented generation (RAG)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Yimin Tang , Yurong Xu , Ning Yan , Masood Mortazavi

Despite the popularity of retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) as a solution for grounded QA in both academia and industry, current RAG methods struggle with questions where the necessary information is distributed across many documents or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Nathan Scales , Nathanael Schärli , Olivier Bousquet

Large Language Models (LLMs) showcase remarkable abilities, yet they struggle with limitations such as hallucinations, outdated knowledge, opacity, and inexplicable reasoning. To address these challenges, Retrieval-Augmented Generation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Sourav Verma

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems enhance large language models (LLMs) by integrating external knowledge sources, enabling more accurate and contextually relevant responses tailored to user needs. However, existing RAG systems…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Zirui Guo , Lianghao Xia , Yanhua Yu , Tu Ao , Chao Huang

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has demonstrated significant proficiency in conducting question-answering (QA) tasks within a specified corpus. Nonetheless, numerous failure instances of RAG in QA still exist. These failures are not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Jintao Zhang , Guoliang Li , Jinyang Su

Large language models (LLMs) augmented with retrieval exhibit robust performance and extensive versatility by incorporating external contexts. However, the input length grows linearly in the number of retrieved documents, causing a dramatic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Yun Zhu , Jia-Chen Gu , Caitlin Sikora , Ho Ko , Yinxiao Liu , Chu-Cheng Lin , Lei Shu , Liangchen Luo , Lei Meng , Bang Liu , Jindong Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have enabled a wide range of applications through their powerful capabilities in language understanding and generation. However, as LLMs are trained on static corpora, they face difficulties in addressing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Yongjie Wang , Yue Yu , Kaisong Song , Jun Lin , Zhiqi Shen