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Reversible computation requires that intermediate data be explicitly undone rather than discarded. In quantum programming, this principle appears as uncomputation, usually treated as a technical cleanup mechanism. We instead present…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-17 Simone Faro , Francesco Pio Marino , Gabriele Messina

Interpretability research on large language models (LLMs) has yielded important insights into model behaviour, yet recurring pitfalls persist: findings that do not generalise, and causal interpretations that outrun the evidence. Our…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Shruti Joshi , Aaron Mueller , David Klindt , Wieland Brendel , Patrik Reizinger , Dhanya Sridhar

Information causality (IC) was one of the first principles that have been invoked to bound the set of quantum correlations. For some families of correlations, this principle recovers exactly the boundary of the quantum set; for others,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-24 Baichu Yu , Valerio Scarani

We study the following problem: Is it possible to explain the quantum interference of probabilities in the purely corpuscular model for elementary particles? We demonstrate that (by taking into account perturbation effects of measurement…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Andrei Khrennikov

A condensed introduction to the basic concepts of causal perturbation theory is given. Causal perturbation theory is a mathematically rigorous approach to renormalization theory, which makes it possible to put the theoretical setup of…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-02-19 Andreas Aste

Causality never gained the status of a "law" or "principle" in physics. Some recent literature even popularized the false idea that causality is a notion that should be banned from theory. Such misconception relies on an alleged…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-19 Giacomo Mauro D'Ariano

Counterfactual reasoning aims at answering contrary-to-fact questions like ``Would have Alice recovered had she taken aspirin?'' and corresponds to the most fine-grained layer of causation. Critically, while many counterfactual statements…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Lucas de Lara

Identifying causal order from restricted projective data is generally nontrivial. When two quantum players interact only through an unobserved environment, the available local measurement statistics are typically not tomographically…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-07 Masahito Hayashi

Quantum cognition often explains order effects, contextuality, and violations of the law of total probability by replacing classical probability with quantum probability on a fixed event structure. This paper proposes a different…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Song-Ju Kim

Bell non-local correlations cannot be naturally explained in a fixed causal structure. This serves as a motivation for considering models where no global assumption is made beyond logical consistency. The assumption of a fixed causal order…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-04-06 Ämin Baumeler , Stefan Wolf

Reversible algorithms play a crucial role both in classical and quantum computation. While for a classical bit the only nontrivial reversible operation is the bit-flip, nature is far more versatile in what it allows to do to a quantum bit.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-14 Anandamay Das Bhowmik , Preeti Parashar

The do-calculus is a well-known deductive system for deriving connections between interventional and observed distributions, and has been proven complete for a number of important identifiability problems in causal inference. Nevertheless,…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-03-12 Daniel Malinsky , Ilya Shpitser , Thomas Richardson

Causal effect identification considers whether an interventional probability distribution can be uniquely determined without parametric assumptions from measured source distributions and structural knowledge on the generating system. While…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-08-30 Santtu Tikka , Antti Hyttinen , Juha Karvanen

The landscape of causal relations that can hold among a set of systems in quantum theory is richer than in classical physics. In particular, a pair of time-ordered systems can be related as cause and effect or as the effects of a common…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-07-20 Katja Ried , Jean-Philippe W. MacLean , Robert W. Spekkens , Kevin J. Resch

We introduce $\textit{PCFTL (Probabilistic CounterFactual Temporal Logic)}$, a new probabilistic temporal logic for the verification of Markov Decision Processes (MDP). PCFTL is the first to include operators for causal reasoning, allowing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Milad Kazemi , Nicola Paoletti

Causal inference revealing causal dependencies between variables from empirical data has found applications in multiple sub-fields of scientific research. A quantum perspective of correlations holds the promise of overcoming the limitation…

Quantum computation is one of the most promising new paradigms for the simulation of physical systems composed of electrons and atomic nuclei, with applications in chemistry, solid-state physics, materials science, and molecular biology.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-05 Jakob Günther , Alberto Baiardi , Markus Reiher , Matthias Christandl

Computation models such as circuits describe sequences of computation steps that are carried out one after the other. In other words, algorithm design is traditionally subject to the restriction imposed by a fixed causal order. We address a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-07-04 Ämin Baumeler , Stefan Wolf

We propose a bipartite quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol based on causal nonseparability: the presence of a resource -- a process matrix -- that does not correspond to any definite causal order between two parties. In our protocol,…

This review introduces Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulations in causal set theory, with a focus on the study of the 2d orders. It will first introduce the Benincasa-Dowker action on causal sets, and cover some musings on the philosophy of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-06-19 L Glaser