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Recent neural text-to-SQL models can effectively translate natural language questions to corresponding SQL queries on unseen databases. Working mostly on the Spider dataset, researchers have proposed increasingly sophisticated solutions to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Torsten Scholak , Raymond Li , Dzmitry Bahdanau , Harm de Vries , Chris Pal

Text-to-SQL systems enable users to interact with structured databases using natural language, eliminating the need for specialized programming knowledge. In this work, we introduce GEMMA-SQL, a lightweight and efficient text-to-SQL model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Hari Mohan Pandey , Anshul Gupta , Subham Sarkar , Minakshi Tomer , Schneider Johannes , Yan Gong

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong performance in translating natural language questions into SQL queries (Text-to-SQL). In contrast, small language models (SLMs) ranging from 0.5B to 1.5B parameters currently…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Lei Sheng , Shuai-Shuai Xu

Relational structures such as schema linking and schema encoding have been validated as a key component to qualitatively translating natural language into SQL queries. However, introducing these structural relations comes with prices: they…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Jiexing Qi , Jingyao Tang , Ziwei He , Xiangpeng Wan , Yu Cheng , Chenghu Zhou , Xinbing Wang , Quanshi Zhang , Zhouhan Lin

Recently, large language models (LLMs) have significantly improved the performance of text-to-SQL systems. Nevertheless, many state-of-the-art (SOTA) approaches have overlooked the critical aspect of system robustness. Our experiments…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Geling Liu , Yunzhi Tan , Ruichao Zhong , Yuanzhen Xie , Lingchen Zhao , Qian Wang , Bo Hu , Zang Li

We explore using T5 (Raffel et al. (2019)) to directly translate natural language questions into SQL statements. General purpose natural language that interfaces to information stored within databases requires flexibly translating natural…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-11-10 Ning Li , Bethany Keller , Mark Butler , Daniel Cer

In addressing the pivotal role of translating natural language queries into SQL commands, we propose a suite of compact, fine-tuned models and self-refine mechanisms to democratize data access and analysis for non-expert users, mitigating…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Lixia Wu , Peng Li , Junhong Lou , Lei Fu

Text-to-SQL is a crucial task toward developing methods for understanding natural language by computers. Recent neural approaches deliver excellent performance; however, models that are difficult to interpret inhibit future developments.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-04 Yasufumi Taniguchi , Hiroki Nakayama , Kubo Takahiro , Jun Suzuki

Text-to-SQL, the process of translating natural language into Structured Query Language (SQL), represents a transformative application of large language models (LLMs), potentially revolutionizing how humans interact with data. This paper…

It is a common belief that training deep transformers from scratch requires large datasets. Consequently, for small datasets, people usually use shallow and simple additional layers on top of pre-trained models during fine-tuning. This work…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-01 Peng Xu , Dhruv Kumar , Wei Yang , Wenjie Zi , Keyi Tang , Chenyang Huang , Jackie Chi Kit Cheung , Simon J. D. Prince , Yanshuai Cao

Text-to-SQL generation enables non-experts to interact with databases via natural language. Recent advances rely on large closed-source models like GPT-4 that present challenges in accessibility, privacy, and latency. To address these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Satya Krishna Gorti , Ilan Gofman , Zhaoyan Liu , Jiapeng Wu , Noël Vouitsis , Guangwei Yu , Jesse C. Cresswell , Rasa Hosseinzadeh

Text-to-SQL has emerged as a prominent research area, particularly with the rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs). By enabling users to query databases through natural language rather than SQL, this technology significantly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Yu-Jie Yang , Hung-Fu Chang , Po-An Chen

The previous state-of-the-art (SOTA) method achieved a remarkable execution accuracy on the Spider dataset, which is one of the largest and most diverse datasets in the Text-to-SQL domain. However, during our reproduction of the business…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-01 Guanghu Sui , Zhishuai Li , Ziyue Li , Sun Yang , Jingqing Ruan , Hangyu Mao , Rui Zhao

Text-to-SQL parsing, which aims at converting natural language instructions into executable SQLs, has gained increasing attention in recent years. In particular, Codex and ChatGPT have shown impressive results in this task. However, most of…

Text-to-SQL converts natural language questions into executable SQL queries, enabling non-technical users to access relational databases for analytics and intelligent data services. In real-world scenarios, performance is often constrained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Tianhao Qiu , Xiaojun Chen

Recently, there has been significant progress in studying neural networks for translating text descriptions into SQL queries under the zero-shot cross-domain setting. Despite achieving good performance on some public benchmarks, we observe…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Yujian Gan , Xinyun Chen , Matthew Purver

This paper introduces text-2-SQL-4-PM, a bilingual (Portuguese-English) benchmark dataset designed for the text-to-SQL task in the process mining domain. Text-to-SQL conversion facilitates natural language querying of databases, increasing…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Bruno Yui Yamate , Thais Rodrigues Neubauer , Marcelo Fantinato , Sarajane Marques Peres

In order to reduce the manual cost of designing ER models, recent approaches have been proposed to address the task of NL2ERM, i.e., automatically generating entity-relationship (ER) models from natural language (NL) utterances such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-22 Zhenwen Li , Jian-Guang Lou , Tao Xie

Due to advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT, the boundary between human-written text and AI-generated text has become blurred. Nevertheless, recent work has demonstrated that it is possible to reliably detect…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Natesh Reddy , Mark Stamp

We perform an empirical evaluation of Text-to-SQL capabilities of the Codex language model. We find that, without any finetuning, Codex is a strong baseline on the Spider benchmark; we also analyze the failure modes of Codex in this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-04 Nitarshan Rajkumar , Raymond Li , Dzmitry Bahdanau